Export Import Sitution of Bangladesh free essay sample

It gives our own huge delight to present a task on send out import circumstance of BD. This task is submitted as an incomplete satisfaction as a piece of our course. The planning ofâ the task has given our own and savvy understanding and inside and out information on â€Å"Export Import Situation of BD. We have given our best exertion to make it commendable one and every part of the issue is thought of and concentrated as required. May we, along these lines, and expectation that you would be thoughtful enough to our exertion and oblige in this manner. Yours genuinely, Business Exclusive fourth Batch(4th year first semester) Dept. f Marketing Jagannath college Table of substance Abstract Objectives of the examination Limitations of the investigation Methodology Bangladesh Trade: History Bangladesh Trade: Growth Export Situation in Bangladesh Export Performance Country-wise Exports of Bangladesh Export Earnings and Export Growth Export Earnings and Export Growth by Commodities Export Target and Performance Challenging Issues for Bangladesh send out Strategies to defeat the Challenge Import Situation of Bangladesh Import Composition and Growth Imports of Bangladesh from 2004-05 to 2008-09 Imports of Major Commodities Issues of import to Bangladesh Balance of Trade Future likelihood of fare import of Bangladesh Recommendations Conclusion References Abstract Trade is a necessary piece of the absolute formative exertion and national development of all economies including Bangladesh. We will compose a custom exposition test on Fare Import Sitution of Bangladesh or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It especially assumes a focal job in the improvement plan of Bangladesh where outside trade shortage establishes a basic bottleneck. Fare exchange can generally meet ‘foreign trade gap’, and send out development would build the import limit of the nation that, thusly, would expand industrialization, just as in general monetary exercises. Bangladesh’s import needs are considerable; subsequently the need to quickly build trades is prompt. So as to back the imports and furthermore to decrease the country’s reliance on remote guide, the Government of Bangladesh has been attempting to improve outside trade profit through arranged and expanded fares. Be that as it may, the worldwide exchange situation has uncovered auxiliary confinements of the Bangladesh economy, representing an assortment of difficulties for the nation that has immature innovation and a low capital base. In this paper we talk about the arrangement, execution and patterns of remote exchange of Bangladesh. All the while, we look at Bangladesh’s fare and import execution contrasted with those of different nations, districts and the world throughout the years. We likewise examine the wellsprings of Bangladesh’s imports and headings of Bangladesh’s sends out and the dynamic changes throughout the years, and feature the patterns of fare and import offers to GDP and exchange offset positions with various nations, locales just as the world. Exchange strategy changes of Bangladesh and significant issues, difficulties and strategy choices are additionally examined quickly. Destinations of the investigation The goal of the report is-â€Å"To get the commonsense information about fare and import circumstance of Bangladesh. Constraints of the examination The investigation endured various confinements: * Lack of the piece of understanding of the analysts. * Unconfirmed precision of certain data procured. * Lack of data from the essential source. * The correlations may not be viable enough. * Lack of time for setting up the report. Approach To set up the report, steady data is assembled from the accompanying sources: * Primary Sources Secondary Sources Bangladesh Trade History The estimation of imports multiplied somewhere in the range of 1971 and 1991 when contrasted with the estimation of fares. The exchange shortage has declined impressively inferable from an expansion in sends out since 1991. A more intensive glance at the exchange measurements of the nation uncovers that in 1989-90, imports surpassed sends out by 120%. This rate boiled down to 56% in 1996 and 62% in 1997. The economy of Bangladesh was once riding on jute, its significant produce. In the late 1940s, a lot of the world jute send out market was 80%, which boiled down to 70% during the 1970s.

Julio Nieto

Surrender realized the competitors were losing crucial water and minerals, so he blended salt and potassium into an adjusting drink. ) After players let out the primary, foul-tasting tests, Cadet's better half recommended including lemon juice and sugar. (5) The rest Florida Gators quit withering and thundered Into a series of wins. (7) The new beverage was named in is history. (6) Sipping the new drink, the their respect. (8) Other Florida groups are the Hurricanes and the Seminole. (9) Today 8 million jugs of Storage are expended falter. Passage 2 ) Technology empowers individuals like the well known physicist Dry. Stephen Hawking to keep working in spite of genuine physical inabilities. (2) For over 45 years, Dry.Hawking has lived with Lou Gearing's sickness, which assaults the muscles, yet his splendid psyche works impeccably. (3) He can not walk anymore, talk, or feed himself. (4) Nevertheless, a cutting edge wheelchair with PC connections permits him to proceed with his examina tion and keep in contact with companions and partners the world over. (5) His PC is snared full-time to the Internet. (6) To talk, he picks words showed on the PC screen. And afterward an electronic voice machine articulates each word. (7) A weight touchy Joystick even lets Dry.Hawking clear his path through traffic. 8) In his home, Infrared remote controls work entryways, lights, and his own amusement place. (9) He has three youngsters with his first spouse, Jane, and one grandkid. (10) Dry. Selling keeps on looking for better approaches to conquer his issues through innovation. Furthermore, interface with a network of individuals who â€Å"speak from the heart. (7) Poetry hammers are picking up notoriety as schools, expressions associations, and gatherings of youthful authors start verse clubs or support challenges. 8) Now, as online recordings of the triumphant exhibitions uncover the intensity of verse pummels, the fervor has spread around the world. Section 2 Cross out any pre positional expressions in every one of the sentences underneath. At that point either circle each subject and underline every action word or feature the subject and action word in various hues. * 1. Do you watch recordings on Youth? * 2.This immensely mainstream site became rapidly out of a development by three companions. * 3. One night, Steve Chem. shot a video of his buddies Chad Hurley and Jawed Karri. * 5. Shockingly, the three pals could locate no simple method of sharing this video on the web. * 6. Their answer was a video-sharing site. * 7. Their companions cherished it and roused the youngsters to dispatch Youth in 2005. * 8. Inside two years, Youth had pulled in a huge number of guests and a great many dollars from financial specialists. * 9. Easily, clients can view or post recordings on the site. * 10.Today, Youth's a large number of recordings motivate innovativeness, news revealing by regular individuals, and some captivating madness. Section 31 practice 2, 3, and 4 Th e principal sentence of each pair that follows contains a sporadic action word in the past tense. Fill in have or has in addition to the past participle of a similar action word to finish the subsequent sentence. * 1. Sean took a lot of time purchasing some goods.

A right to good healthcare Essays

An option to great human services Essays An option to great medicinal services Essay An option to great social insurance Essay Prologue to Ethics and Social Responsibility This is the United States of America, place that is known for the free. Great human services is a right, not a benefit. Medicinal services (counting general wellbeing) is unique since it secures typical working, which thus ensures the scope of chances open to people (Daniels N. 2001 pig. 2). Presently President Obama has been attempting to change the manner in which social insurance is drawn nearer in the United States. He is confronting a considerable amount of restriction in his thoughts that the administration ought to give social insurance to all Americans. Regardless of what your position is on President Beams human services plan, we as a whole understand that it is smarter to have medical coverage than not. With physician endorsed tranquilize costs being so crazy, numerous individuals need to pick among nourishment and their medicines. Which is Just wrong, the truth of the matter is that social insurance is wild. On the off chance that medicinal services was made progressively reasonable it would really wind up costing citizens less over the long haul on the grounds that the cost of paying for uninsured patients clinical costs is so high. The expense of setting off to a specialist is high to the point that numerous dont much other until it is regularly past the point of no return. Having experience a significant medical problem myself at last, since I am not offered any kind of human services protection through my activity. Numerous Americans Just can't manage the cost of the expense of medical coverage. In this paper I will address a few issues on why social insurance is so critical to Americans, for example, the kinds of precaution care required. Approaches to forestall maladies, screenings and causes. The reasons numerous Americans Just don't have any sort of social insurance inclusion. Deterrent Care The accentuation on protection social insurance is totally supportive of valid justifications. By keeping up f openings (or plans of life) sensible individuals would pick in a given society (Daniel, N. 2001, pig. 2). Numerous individuals without access to human services just go to the Doctors after they have been sick or harmed. We as a whole realize that normal exercise, a great nutritious eating routine, not smoking, and toasting abundance is the best course to limit medical issues and decrease the measure of cash spent on human services. Alongside way of life determinations we make the earth wherein we live and work are basic to acceptable protection wellbeing rehearses. Pre-birth Care is a safeguard care practice. Ladies in creating nations are seeping to death subsequent to conceiving an offspring, squirming in the seizures of clasps, and falling from long periods of purposeless withdrawals, realizing that they have choked out their infants to death (Maine, D Yamin,A, 1999, pig. 562). Getting great pre-birth care is significant for the eager mother and the unborn youngster. Numerous pregnant ladies in Georgia get free pre-birth care for their unborn youngster. This is extraordinary for the numerous ladies such as myself that don't have medicinal services protection, and don't bring in enough cash to really pay cash based to have an infant. There are such huge numbers of regular checkups, screenings, and tests that should be avoided potential risk before a mother conceives an offspring. Also, as per the World Bank, in spite of the fact that people between the ages of fifteen and forty-four lose around a similar number of long stretches of solid life because of sickness, there is no single reason for death and incapacity for men that approaches the greatness of maternal demise and handicap (Maine, D Hyman, A. 1999, pig. 564). Numerous ladies decide not to take an interest in having pre-birth care, either from being in such forswearing, shame, and even strict convictions. This could be extremely risky to both mother and child, numerous tests and screenings could have demonstrated if the pregnancy should have been prematurely ended or if there is a difficulty, for example, the umbilical line folded over the babys neck, or the infant might be penetrated (the infant head isn't down for conveyance). Likewise tests can recognize birth deserts which are physical variations from the norm that might be brought about by acquired qualities, hereditary transformations, or natural elements. Innovation is so cutting-edge now numerous hopeful moms are offered D and D visual of their valuable child. In any event, learning the sex of the unborn infant can be exceptionally energizing for unexperienced parents, however all which is extravagant to those that don't have clinical inclusion set up. Well consideration registration are so significant gazing with newborn children. Most newborn children have their first well-infant test inside the initial not many days to weeks after birth. In any event, when things are working out positively, visit tests during the main year are a significant method to screen the babys development and advancement. Numerous guardians have their kids inoculated by their age. These antibodies are to help forestall numerous youth ailments, not saying that the kid despite everything may not become ill, yet it is an extraordinary counteraction plan all guardians ought to partake in. As guardians it is significant that, they ensure their kids remain on the immunized planned for their age. Numerous youngsters must have all their vaccination done before they can enter kindergarten. Different screenings are ear, eye, and dental checks. Some low-salary or single parent homes, their kids might be qualified for the Medicaid Program. This helps many single parents with staying aware of their kids well-care registration, vision and dental screenings. Well consideration registration go on into grown-up hood, numerous individuals that businesses that don't offer any social insurance will in general leeway up on specialist visits. Yet, customary registration are still significant, particular age screenings are as yet required. Early conclusion for some, illnesses can be identified. Being without social insurance protection, I was placed into a perilous wellbeing alarm in 2009, and it could have been forestalled on the off chance that I had been accepting customary registration, however like a huge number of Americans around the globe, the expense are Just past high. Additionally, numerous Americans feel as if they are dealt with distinctively in the event that they don't have any kind of wellbeing inclusion. Without co-pay at that point, one might be sent home without the best possible screenings or sets run, and this is and can be startling, and could be hazardous. Long haul diseases some of the time will most likely be unable to be forestalled, yet identifying them early can spare an individual life. Tumors, Diabetes, HIVE/AIDS are a couple of long haul infections, despite the fact that some are not preventable, yet whenever distinguished early your odds of either recouping or living alright with it might be simpler. Numerous individuals feel like don't ask don't tell, or on the off chance that it isn't destitute, at that point don't fix it. These sentiments can now and then reason numerous individuals to be seriously wiped out and endure, or cause an unforeseen passing. This the sum total of what could have been forestalled with standard registration. Instruction is additionally a significant factor; numerous individuals Just don't have the information on the sort of signs and indications on numerous diseases. This is the reason having customary registration are so significant. Malady Prevention Disease Prevention is a significant job in social insurance. Counteraction accompanies registration, screenings, and information. There are such a significant number of sicknesses that can't be forestalled, however can be treated with anti-infection agents and different meds. A few of those maladies are: Arthritis, Alchemists, and Cancers can't be forestalled, yet they can be dealt with. There are two normal kinds of Arthritis which are Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid. There are ads that have various kinds of meds to help with the torment of Arthritis. Numerous individuals have seen the Celebrate business. Chemists is a kind of dementia that causes issues with memory, thinking and conduct. The most widely recognized manifestation is trouble recollecting, and for the most part grows gradually and deteriorate after some time, getting sufficiently serious to meddle with day by day assignments. As Alchemists advance it prompts extreme indications, including confusion, mind-set and conduct changes. Chemists has no flow fix, however reattempts for side effects are accessible and explore proceeds. Malignant growth is portrayed by an irregular development of cells. There are in excess of 100 sorts of malignancy, including bosom disease, skin disease, lung disease, colon malignant growth, prostate malignancy, and lymphoma. Disease side effects differ broadly dependent on the kind of malignancy. Malignancy as of now has no fix, yet treatment alternatives include: incorporates chemotherapy, radiation, and medical procedure. With ahead of schedule and legitimate treatment these illnesses can make living with them much simpler. Later identification can bring about crisis medical procedures, long haul torment, and even passing. Maladies that can be forestalled are Sexual Transmitted Diseases (Studs) and HIVE/AIDS. Studs are irresistible sicknesses that spread from individual to individual through sexual contact. Studs can influence any individual who is having intercourse. Studs are basic among youngsters, since they are at a higher hazard, its essential to realize what you can do to secure yourself, things basic as restraint, and condoms. In the event that untreated, a few Studs can cause genuine wellbeing AIDS). Early recognition can fix a few Studs, with medicine, for example, anti-infection agents. As expressed in (Bible, G. 2007, pig. 1086), in the midst of refusal, shame, and inaction, AIDS became he first significant scourge of present-day globalization. Of in excess of 40 million individuals evaluated to be HIVE-tainted around the world, 95 percent live in center or low-pay nations, making future drop significantly in those nations most exceedingly awful hit (Bible, G. 2007, pig. 1086). In late 2003, with just around 400,000 individuals accepting treatment, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIVE/AIDS (UNAIDED) reported their objective of having 3 million HIVE-constructive individuals on antimicrobial treatment by 2005 (Bible, G. 2007 pig. 1086). Early discovery of HIVE/AIDS can permit somebody to live alright with the malady while on their drug. Reasons many don't have Coverage Statistics show that individuals without medical coverage don't get their wellbeing checked normally and thusly are at a more serious danger of having something that may have been prev

What Topic With Islam to Choose?

What Topic With Islam to Choose?There are some excellent essays out there to choose from that have topics with Islam. These essays make great learning materials and you'll be hard pressed to find another topic with Islam. They are very fun and interesting to write, and are also practical.The topic can cover anything from using religion in the military to the idea of assimilation or the first Islamic legal code. They could be on the history of Muslim conquerors like the Romans, the Ottomans, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British. They could also be about the role of the Quran in various regions like Malaysia and the Philippines. You get the idea.There are many schools where you can learn the topics with Islam. They are state-approved, and they will teach you the topics of any nation or region. Some do well in teaching an entire nation, while others focus on a specific area, such as a particular region of Indonesia.Some do not offer this but instead offer a national curriculum. Ma ny of these do teach about the history of Islam and its role in various countries. They go into detail about the differences in the beliefs of the world's major religions. They also cover in depth about the history of religion.They will teach you about the wasabi story, the hadith, or simply Hashi (the word for memorization). You might also learn how the Qur'an was revealed, and the famous and infamous habits are taught. This makes for some great research material.They also talk about different aspects of Islamic principles, such as how to deal with other Muslims. They also discuss the concept of takfir (declaring someone an infidel) and helamic jurisprudence. These subjects give the essay topics with Islam an additional appeal.Essay topics with Islam make for fantastic studying materials. They offer a completely different angle to the subject, and are often better than a standard textbook. You might want to consider a topic of religion or history for your next project.

About Glenn Murcutt, an Australian Way of Architecture

Glenn Murcutt (born July 25, 1936) is arguably Australias most famous architect, although he was born in England. He has influenced generations of working architects and has won every major architecture award of the profession, including the 2002 Pritzker. Yet he remains obscure to many of his Australian countrymen, even as he is revered by architects worldwide. Murcutt is said to work alone, yet he opens his farm to professionals and students of architecture every year, giving master classes and promoting his vision:  Architects thinking locally acting globally. Murcutt was born in London, England, but grew up in the Morobe district of Papua New Guinea and in Sydney, Australia, where he learned to value simple, primitive architecture. From his father, Murcutt learned the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, who believed that we should live simply and in harmony with natures laws. Murcutts father, a self-sufficient man of many talents, also introduced him to the streamlined modernist architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Murcutts early work strongly reflects Mies van der Rohes ideals. One of Murcutts favorite quotations is a phrase he often heard his father say. The words, he believes, are from Thoreau: â€Å"Since most of us spend our lives doing ordinary tasks, the most important thing is to carry them out extraordinarily well.† Murcutt is also fond of quoting the Aboriginal proverb  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Touch the earth lightly.† From 1956 to 1961, Murcutt studied architecture at the University of New South Wales. After graduation, Murcutt traveled widely in 1962 and was impressed by the works of Jà ¸rn Utzon. On a later trip in 1973, he remembers the modernist 1932 Maison de Verre in Paris, France, as being influential. He was inspired by the Californian architecture of Richard Neutra and Craig Ellwood, and the crisp, uncomplicated work of Scandinavian architect Alvar Aalto. However, Murcutts designs quickly took on a distinctively Australian flavor. The Pritzker Prize-winning architect Glenn Murcutt is not a builder of skyscrapers. He doesnt design grand, showy structures or use flashy, luxurious materials. Instead, the principled designer pours his creativity into smaller projects that let him work alone and design economical buildings that will conserve energy and blend with the environment. All of his buildings (mostly rural houses) are in Australia. Murcutt chooses materials that can be produced easily and economically: glass, stone, brick, concrete, and corrugated metal. He pays close attention to the movement of the sun, moon, and seasons, and designs his buildings to harmonize with the movement of light and wind. Many of Murcutts buildings are not air-conditioned. Resembling open verandas, Murchutts houses suggest the simplicity of Farnsworth House of Mies van der Rohe, yet have the pragmatism of a sheepherders hut. Murcutt takes on few new projects but is intensely devoted to what he does, often spending many years working with his clients. At times he collaborates with his partner, architect Wendy Lewin. Glenn Murcutt is a master teacher;  Oz.e.tecture is the offical website of the Architecture Foundation Australia and the Glenn Murcutt Master Classes. Murcutt is proud to be the father of the Australian architect Nick Murcutt (1964–2011), whose own firm with partner Rachel Neeson flourishes as Neeson Murcutt Architects.   Murcutts Important Buildings The Marie Short House (1975) is one of Murcutts first homes to combine modern Miesian aesthetics with Australian wool shed practicality. With skylights that track the overhead sun and a galvanized corrugated steel roof, this elongated farmhouse on stilts takes advantage of the environment without harming it. The National Park Visitors Centre at Kempsey (1982) and the Berowra Waters Inn (1983) are two of Murcutts early nonresidential projects, but he worked on these while honing his residential designs. The Ball-Eastaway House (1983) was built as a retreat for the artists Sydney Ball and Lynne Eastaway. Nestled in an arid forest, the main structure of the building is supported on steel columns and steel I-beams.  By raising the house above the earth, Murcutt protected the dry soil and surrounding trees. The curved roof prevents dry leaves from settling on top.  An exterior fire extinguishing system provides emergency protection from forest blazes. Architect Murcutt thoughtfully placed the windows and meditation decks to create a sense of seclusion while still providing scenic views of the Australian landscape.   The Magney House (1984) is often called Glenn Murcutts most famous house as it integrates Murcutts elements of function and design. Also known as Bingie Farm, the architectural masterpiece is now part of the Airbnb program. The Marika-Alderton House (1994) was built for the Aboriginal artist Marmburra Wananumba Banduk Marika and her English husband, Mark Alderton. The house was prefabricated near Sydney and shipped to its location in the unforgiving Northern Territory of Australia. While being built, Murcutt was also working on the Bowali Visitors Centre at Kakadu National Park (1994), also in the Northern Territory, and the Simpson-Lee House (1994) located near Sydney. Glenn Murcutts more recent homes from the 21st century are often bought and sold, somewhat like investments or collectors items. The Walsh House (2005) and the Donaldson House (2016) fall into this category, not that Murcutts care in design is ever diminished. The Australian Islamic Centre (2016) near Melbourne may be the last worldly statement of an 80-year-old architect. Knowing little about mosque architecture, Murcutt studied, sketched, and planned for years before the modern design was approved and built. The traditional minaret is gone, yet the orientation toward Mecca remains. Colorful rooftop lanterns bathe interiors with colored sunlight, yet men and women have different access to those interiors. Like all of Glenn Murcutts work, this Australian mosque is not the first, but it is architecture that—through a thoughtful, iterative process of design—may be the best. I have always believed in the act of discovery rather than creativity, Murcutt said in his 2002 Pritzker acceptance speech. Any work that exists, or which has the potential to exist, is related to discovery. We do not create the work. I believe we, in fact, are discoverers. Murcutts Pritzker Architecture Prize Upon learning of his Pritzker award, Murcutt told reporters, Life is not about maximizing everything, its about giving something back—like light, space, form, serenity, joy. You have to give something back. Why did he become a Pritzker Laureate in 2002? In the words of the Pritzker jury: In an age obsessed with celebrity, the glitz of our starchitects, backed by large staffs and copious public relations support, dominates the headlines. As a total contrast,  our laureate works in a one-person office on the other side of the world...yet has a waiting list of clients, so intent is he to give each project his personal best. He is an innovative architectural technician who is capable of turning his sensitivity to the environment and to locality into forthright, totally honest, non-showy works of art. Bravo! —J. Carter Brown, Pritzker Prize jury chairman Fast Facts: The Glenn Murcutt Library Touch This Earth Lightly: Glenn Murcutt in His Own Words.  In an interview with Philp Drew, Glenn Murcutt talks about his life and describes how he developed the philosophies that shape his architecture. This thin paperback is not a lavish coffee table-book, but provides excellent insight into the thinking behind the designs. Glenn Murcutt: A Singular Architectural Practice.  Murcutts design philosophy presented in his own words is combined with commentary from architecture editors Haig Beck and Jackie Cooper. Through concept sketches, working drawings, photographs, and finished drawings, Murcutts ideas are explored in depth. Glenn Murcutt: Thinking Drawing / Working Drawing by Glenn Murcutt.  The architects solitary process is described by the solitary architect himself. Glenn Murcutt: University of Washington Master Studios and Lectures.  Murcutt has consistently conducted master classes at his farm in Australia, but hes also been forging a relationship with Seattle. This slim book by the University of Washington Press provided edited transcripts of conversations, lectures, and studios. The Architecture of Glenn Murcutt.  In a format large enough to display 13 of Murcutts most successful projects, this is the go-to book of photos, sketches, and descriptions that will introduce any neophyte to what the unwavering Glenn Murcutt is all about. Sources Glenn Murcutt 2002 Pritzker Laureate Acceptance Speech, The Hyatt Foundation, PDF at http://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/file_fields/field_files_inline/2002_Acceptance_Speech_0.pdfAustralian Architect Becomes the 2002 Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, The Hyatt Foundation, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2002

Characteristics Of Tragedy In The Merchant Of Venice

The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare is often called a problem play because it does not neatly fit the characteristics of either a comedy or a tragedy. A tragedy is a drama or literary work in which one of the main characters is brought to ruin or suffer extreme sorrow, especially as a tragic flaw or moral weakness. The Merchant of Venice has a character that is brought to ruin. It also has many other characteristics of a tragedy. Most of the events being serious is one of the characteristics of a tragedy. A comedy is any discourse or work that is intended to be humorous or to amuse by inducing laughter or it could simply be a story with a happy ending. The Merchant of Venice is not funny. The Merchant of Venice is more of a†¦show more content†¦Shylock must do these things because he attempted to murder a citizen of Venice. Shylock is not a citizen because he is a Jew so this means he gets more punishments. This is a tragedy for Shylock because he hates Christians and he wanted to get revenge on them. The tragic flaw was that he wanted to get revenge on Antonio but it backfired on him. This part of the play is tragic also because Antonio was supposed to lose one pound of his flesh. Antonio could have been the character that was brought to ruin. If this was a comedy play then there wouldn’t be any of these tragic scenes in the play. The third reason why The Merchant of Venice is a tragedy is that the events in the play were serious and tragic. They weren’t happy or comical. There were many tragic events in the story. When Antonio finds out his ships crashed it was tragic. This what Tubal says when he talks about Antonio’s ships: â€Å"Hath an argosy cast away, coming from Tripolis† (Shakespeare 3.1.95). This means his ship crashed in Tripolis. This is tragic for Antonio because he needs money from the ships to pay Shylock. Another tragic scene is in the courtroom when Shylock is forced to become a Christian. This is tragic for Shylock because he dislikes the Christians. The play is serious. Shylock’s desireShow MoreRelatedXenophobia in Othello and the Merchant of Venice1541 Words   |  7 Pagesand Tragedies From 1589 to 1613 William Shakespeare produced some of the most original, thought-provoking and emotionally compelling plays, sonnets, and poetry. Two of his finest pieces of work, Othello and The Merchant of Venice feature dynamic characters, and insights into the chivalry and the xenophobic disposition of the English people at the time. Throughout these two stories, three primary female characters emerge, Desdemona from Othello, and Portia and Jessica from The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreCommon Features of a Shakespeare Comedy1745 Words   |  7 PagesCommon Features of a Shakespeare Comedy What makes a Shakespeare comedy identifiable if the genre is not distinct from the Shakespeare tragedies and histories? This is an ongoing area of debate, but many believe that the comedies share certain characteristics, as described below: * Comedy through language: Shakespeare communicated his comedy through language and his comedy plays are peppered with clever word play, metaphors and insults. 1. Love: The theme of love is prevalent in everyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Merchant Of Venice Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesconsideration when analyzing play or drama lies within the classification of the piece of work in terms of comedy or tragedy. As with poems and other forms of literature, the classification may be clearly known or it can be a topic of question, requiring additional analysis and justification in order to pinpoint the author’s direction and or intentions. William Shakespeare’s â€Å"A Merchant in Venice† includes a myriad of characters, dialogue, situations, and moods that make classifying this piece of literatureRead MoreBackground and Influence: Merchant of Venice1447 Words   |  6 Pages The battles existed between Catholics, Jews, and Protestants although, for the majority of the time, the Protestants pitted the Jews and Catholics on the same side, against themselves. In The Merchant of Venice, a play that was later dubbed a co medy, tragedy was just as evident. I believe that the tragedy of the play was the reality of the situation the play encompassed. It cannot be a coincidence that there is such a parallel of situations that Shakespeare wrote about. The concept of a JewRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay example2165 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Fletcher. Jacobean poetry also included the graceful verse of Ben Jonson. When one look upon the themes of the both the Elizabethan and Jacobean Era, one see that the both the eras had quite most of the themes in common. The subject of the tragedies of Shakespeare in Elizabethan era was that the meaning of human life, exploration of power and what makes a good ruler. There is a depiction of the good and the bad and the ugly side of the rulers. Then there was portrayal of love, family, relationshipsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1554 Words   |  7 Pagesto the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was another gap where some scholars referredRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1568 Words   |  7 Pagesto the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was another gap where some scholars referredRead MoreRace, Religion, and the Significance of Stereotypes in Othello1688 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod. In particular, one can discover much about the prevailing attitudes of a society through its literature. Shakespeare, specifically, has written multiple works that incorporate generalizations of his era. For example, Shylock from The Merchant of Venice served as the archetypal Jew of the late 16th century. Othello explicitly includes race and religion as a fundamental part of the motivations behind the characters’ actions. In Othello, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a character that transcendsRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice By Michael Radford1886 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeare is known for the creativity and timelessness of his plays. The play The Merchant of Venice definitely captures the essence of universality. Different groups of people, even individuals, can connect to the character Shylock. Each person has their own view or interpretation of who Shylock is and what he represents. The movie The Merchant of Venice, directed by Michael Radford, portrays Shylock as a victim who suffers from violent discrimination. He finally retaliates only to find thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1970 Words   |  8 Pagesrecurrence with Shakespeare’s plays that the titles are reflective of the protagonists featured within. For example, the famous titles of Julius Caesar and Hamlet tell the tragedies of those respective characters. However, when it comes to William Shakespeare’s fourteenth play, The Merchant of Venice, it can be argued that Antonio, the m erchant, is not who the play is about. In fact, there is not just one character, but instead multiple that fit the description of the protagonist. The main plot, or rather

Health Care Ethics free essay sample

The Bartling case was about whether William Bartling had the right, over the objection of his physicians and the hospital, to have life-support equipment disconnected despite the fact that withdrawal of such devices will surely hasten his death. When he entered Glendale Adventist Hospital in California in 1984, he was known to be suffering from emphysema and diffuse arteriosclerosis, coronary arteriosclerosis, abdominal aneurysm, and inoperable lung cancer. At the end, He had to use mechanical respiratory and chest tube to assist his breathing in the ICU. Although each of these conditions could individually be lethal, he was not diagnosed as terminally ill. At first, Mr. Bartling asked his physicians to remove the ventilator but they refused. Then Mr. Bartling attempted to remove the ventilator tubes but was unsuccessful. Eventually, to prevent his attempt, he was placed in restraints so that the tubes could remain in place. The case was taken to Los Angeles Superior Court by Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scott. Because he was not considered terminally ill, the court refused either to allow the respirator to be disconnected or to order that Mr. Bartling’s hands be freed. At the second time, the case was taken to the California Court of Appeal. However, the result was that Mr. Bartling had the right to make his own decision, which was obviously different with the first time. So I think the main issue in this case is about patient’s decision-making capacity, specifically, when patient is able to make make the decision of his own medical treatments.

Middlefield Hospital Essay Example

Middlefield Hospital Essay Middlefield Hospital is a 450 bed tertiary care facility in a major urban area in the Northeast. The hospital is an integrated health system that provides the fill array of inpatient and outpatient services. The Hospital has a reputation for quality care in the area. Problem: The Hospital’s turnover rate exceeds 20% and there are over 100 nursing vacancies. Factors that may contribute to the turnover is that a new hospital has recently opened in our market area that has produced competition for Middlefield, employee morale has deteriorated over the past 12 months, and Essex University is considering eliminating its nursing degree program because of the difficulty recruiting quality instructors. Strategy: In order for Middlefield to strive and serve our patients with quality care and motivate our staff to stay employed with us long-term, we must change our operational strategy. First and foremost, we must invest in our employees. We have to offer our employees incentives and motivate them to stay and grow within our organization. Next, we must improve our community relations and form an alliance with Essex University to ensure the pipeline of new recruits continues to come through our doors for careers in nursing and other healthcare fields. And last but not least, we need to develop a triad of care, provide our patients with the best possible care at an affordable price. Recommendation: We will write a custom essay sample on Middlefield Hospital specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Middlefield Hospital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Middlefield Hospital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Middlefield Hospital, I have the following suggestions that I hope will improve our organization and better accommodate our patients’ needs and employee satisfaction. (1) Invest in technology and equipment that will make the experience more productive and cost effective. (2) Expand our services to include preventive counseling and education. (3) Possibly become a teaching hospital for new nurses, doctors, and allied personnel, while providing quality affordable care for our patients. (4) Provide opportunities for our staff to teach at Essex University (5) Reduce the 20% turnover rate and reduce the nursing vacancy rate by offering recruiting incentives and retention bonuses, and continuing education. Middlefield Hospital is in an urban area where patients should have access to the best quality healthcare possible. Middlefield needs to offer their patients a triad of care, which includes access, cost and quality of care. There are many factors why a patient may not be able to access care, such as lack of health insurance or financial resources, therefore Middlefield needs to ensure the population that we are affordable and the patient will receive the best possible care regardless of their financial situation. Cost refers to the total expenditures related directly and indirectly to the provision of healthcare. It is imperative that the hospital manages these costs as effectively and efficiently as possible so that these costs do not reflect to our patients and their care. Quality of care can be conceptualized by two measures, process and outcome. Process measures look at the specific components of providing care and assesses whether these concepts are effective in achieving the desired outcomes, i. e. , did the patient receive the appropriate care for the diagnosis in the ER? Outcome measures evaluate the end result of care and assess whether treatment has produced the desired outcomes, i. e. , did the patient have a heart attack after entering the emergency room or was the heart attack avoided? This leads me to Preventative and Curative Approach to healthcare. The Curative approach refers to a system of care that is based upon treating illness or alleviating symptoms. People fall sick unexpectedly; they can be fine one moment and have the flu the next moment. In a situation like this the curative approach to health is appropriate. However, the Preventative approach, which is preventing illness rather than curing it, is more productive. The hospital can save a lot of money if they do not have to run extensive tests and procedures for diabetes and heart disease and other diseases that could have been stabilized if the patient used proper care. An effective strategy would be to offer classes on diet and exercise and other preventive measures such as smoking cessation programs just to name a few. Employee motivation-Recruiting Qualified health care professionals employed by Middlefield hospital should teach classes at Essex College and the clinical internship should be conducted at Middlefield hospital. That way Middlefield will know that new recruits will already know the proper procedure and will be qualified to work at the hospital upon graduation. This solution will benefit both parties because Middlefield can look forward to qualified new recruits and Essex has qualified teachers with real life experience for their healthcare programs. Employee Motivation- Retention Ways that Middlefield Hospital can motivate employees is to offer intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and offer them an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Extrinsic rewards are mostly financial and tangible, such as, wages, raises, bonuses, and benefits. Employees need to feel assured that they are offered a competitive salary and they will be able to take care of their obligations. Although extrinsic rewards a short term remedy to the problem it is still important and needs to be addressed. Intrinsic rewards on the other hand are more effective for employee retention and include: * Sense of meaningfulness, a sense of purpose * Sense of choice- use your judgment and feel responsible * Sense of competence- qualified * Progress- feeling of accomplishing something. An employee can offer intrinsic rewards by promoting the employee to a higher position where they are in charge of a department or project and acknowledging their accomplishments by offering incentives, such as extrinsic rewards. An employee is more likely to stay with a company long-term if they feel appreciated and have a sense of meaningfulness. Our employees are our most valuable asset and we have to make them â€Å"feel at home. † Middlefield Hospital should encourage our employees to climb the corporate ladder. Middlefield should offer continuing education and promotions within the company to motivate our employees to stay. Many people chose to look for work elsewhere or go back to school to change their careers because they are not making enough money and/or they are bored. At Middlefield Hospital, we encourage all of our employees to always strive for more, no matter what their position might be. Education and/or finances should not deter any of our employees from going to the next level. Let’s say for example, Maria was hired to work in environmental and clean the hospital earning $9. 50 /hr, if Maria chooses she should be able to take a course which is provided by the hospital so that she can earn her certified nurse’s assistant license (CNA), making $12. 50/hr. Maria doesn’t have to stop there; she can continue taking advantage of the classes and opportunities offered by Middlefield until she becomes a Registered nurse (RN) making $30/hr. Middlefield should offer their employees endless possibilities. Conclusion There are endless possibilities for Middlefield hospital to offer the best quality care for their patients and motivation for their employees. If the techniques suggested are applied, Middlefield hospital would see a vast improvement in their operation and employee retention.

buy custom The Great Trade-Off Illusion essay

buy custom The Great Trade-Off Illusion essay It is crucial to note that people create organizations and firms in order to leverage their collective resources with an aim of pursuing common goals. Hart (2011) argues that as organizations and firms pursue these given goals, they interact with others within the larger context known as the society. Based on their goals, firms can be classified as either non-profit, for profit, or governmental. As a result of scarce resources, it has become extremely crucial for organizations to adopt sustainable ways of carrying out their activities or otherwise, they may fail to operate in the foreseeable future. For instance, many firms that rely on fossil fuels have experienced a drastic reduction in their profits in the last five years. This is due to the sharp increase of this commodity in the international markets, where oil prices per barrel have surged by almost 300% to at least $147 in 2011 in comparison to 2008 (Hart, 2011). As a result of this, it has become crucial for firms to adopt modern ways of carrying out business to enhance profitability, both in the short and long-run. However, as indicated by Friedman (1970), sustainable ways of carrying out business remains highly controversial. Some people who deeply thought why business exists or the general purpose of itdo not agree with societal obligations of companies, especially towards sustainable development. The paper will critically examine the issue of the great trade-off illusion in relation to the perspectives of Milton Friedman and Charles Handy. As indicated above, the importance of enhancing social activities in the place where they operate cannot be underrated. However, in the past, the issue of participation in societal activities by firms has faced stiff criticism from such scholars as Milton Friedman and Charles Handy. Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, argued that the issue of corporate social responsibility distracts leaders from attaining the set economic goals. He believed that the social responsibility of any business is to increase profits. Further, he argued that any society benefits enormously when businesses focus more on maximizing their financial success (Friedman, 1970). On the other hand, Handy is critical of overemphasizing the share prices as the key metric for the success of any corporate organization. He candidly proposes that the main aim of a business is not to make profit only but to use the profit obtained in enhancing the livelihood of families of those who are engaged in business activities (Handy, 2002). It is crucial tto note that this narrow view by some leaders has led to unsustainable operation of firms in the societies where they operate. Hart (2011) argues that organizations should pay for all the negative consequences linked to their operations. Paradoxically, this type of end-of-pipe approach by various leaders and firms has resulted in what is called great trade-off illusion (Hart, 2011). It is a general belief that in order to meet the set societal obligations, businesses must enormously sacrifice their financial performances. Consequently, this misapprehension has made many businesses across the world view aspects like an envir onmental impact as one of the negative responsibilities as opposed to exploring all the creative possibilities that it are entailed (Hart,2011). Generally, in order to realize all the available sustainable opportunities, firms should develop new mindsets, which would enable them to develop full contextual solutions to the real problems faced. This should be done in a way that natural diversity and local culture are upheld (Hart, 2011). It is based on the factor that traditional assumptions concerning businesses should be discouraged, thus forging relationships that are built on respect, understanding, and trust to all the stakeholders involved. Buy custom The Great Trade-Off Illusion essay

Personality and the Workplace Paper Situational Analysis Essay

Personality and the Workplace Paper Situational Analysis - Essay Example For the purpose of this study, humanistic or existential will be the personality perspective in focus. The scenario will involve two parties of equal rank who will develop a conflict based on perceived socio-cultural differences. Both of them are associated to cultural groups, have had no significant histories of conflict with co-workers and are both being considered for promotion. Humanistic perspective will be applied to the analysis of the scenario with a particular focus on how personality affected the situation. In doing so, recommendations for the resolution of the existing conflict and preventing future ones can be determined. The conflict develops between the Product Development Manager (PDM) and the Sales Manager (SM) of a company due to the former's proposition that the new product, a new type of breakfast cereal should acquire halal certification. The PDM believes that gaining such a certification, reflecting that the product conforms to Muslim religious conditions for food preparations will reflect the product's sensitivity to the Muslim community and follow the merchandising strategies being implemented by international retail companies (Patton, 2006). However, the SM believes that because of considering the existing delay in the launching of the product, the certification has to be foregone and furthermore, he believes that the certification will not impact significantly the sales performance of the product which he considered as his primary priority. Interview of both managers reveal that though they often have had to work together, they have little knowledge of the other's private life. Upon further review, there seems to be also little common ground in their backgrounds. The PDM migrated to the country from Pakistan in his teens with his family because of threats of violence from extremist Muslims. His father supported their family by being through his professorship in one of the city's leading universities. He grew up in a traditional household and has had strong ties to the Muslim community particularly in the promoting cultural and social awareness. He believes strongly in social and religious tolerance and often deliberately avoids having to voice out personal opinions on sensitive socio-cultural issues. In contrast, the SM has been often described as and "all-American guy". He grew up in a predominantly Caucasian community and has strong ties with community through his involvement in local sports and recreation clubs. His interest in business was encouraged by his parents, both of whom had very successful business careers. He is very task-oriented, young in comparison to the other managers, has very strong opinions and does not hesitate to express himself. Analysis In the case presented, the contrasting personalities of the PDM and SM contribute to their conflict. Since part of conflict is being attributed to race, ethnicity or culture, there is heightened sensitivity in the reaction of the parties involved (Kibria, 2000). Because these factors are considered intimately with identity and self-esteem, communication and interaction can be significantly impeded (Reeve, 2005). Current research show that personality interaction is greatly influenced by external factors, particular if such factors impact social perceptions or characterizations (Biesanz et al,

How to use a Rubber in Mobile Phones Case Study

How to use a Rubber in Mobile Phones - Case Study Example These devices represent one of the most advanced (sophisticated) technologies ever developed by human beings (Karim 2010). Through them people can communicate with each other, surf on the internet, listen to music, watch videos, and play games among other functionalities. The various functionalities of mobile phones are normally enhanced by design and use of a variety of components in their manufacture. In this regard, mobile phones normally consist of several components, and these components are made from a wide variety of materials (Chan 2007). The materials from which mobile phones components are made include plastics, rubber, magnets, paper and metals among others. This paper, therefore, aims at investigating how rubber is currently used in the design and manufacture of mobile phones. The paper also aims at investigating the alternative areas in mobile phone design and construction that rubber can be used. Main parts of mobile phone and their use The main components of mobile pho nes are: battery, SIM card, circuit board, keyboard, speaker and microphone, antenna, software, and Liquid Crystal Display screen (commonly abbreviated as LCD screen) among others (Mueller 2013). Circuit board Circuit board is amongst the most important components of a mobile phone. ... The chips on the circuit board can perform numerous calculations (always millions of calculations) in a single second. The circuit board chips’ calculations are normally performed to decompress or compress voice stream (Harris 2006). Other than chips, another component that is available in the mobile phone circuit board is digital signal processor (commonly abbreviated as DSP) (Mueller 2013). This component is designed to perform operations related to manipulation of digital signals at greater speeds in a single second. Another component that is available in mobile phone circuit board is micro-processor. The microprocessor is responsible for three main functions; these functions are stated below: i. Coordination of all the functions of the mobile phone circuit board. ii. Processes commands as well as control signals related to connecting mobile phone to base station (also known as the cell phone tower). iii. Handles as well as coordinates the functions of display and keyboard. (Mueller 2013) Other components that are associated with mobile phone circuit board are ROM (the read only memory) and chips associated with flash memory. These components are responsible for the running and storage of the mobile phone’s operating system and software applications (Mueller 2013). Mobile phone’s speaker and Microphone Other than the circuit board, speakers and microphones are other important components of mobile phones. It is through the speakers as well as the microphones that communications between individuals are made possible (Harris 2006). Mobile phone microphone is responsible for converting the sound signals to electrical signals. The

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay I did not understand why I had to take a research class when all I wanted to do was be a staff nurse in a critical care unit. Research? Evidence-based practice? Why are these topics in the nursing program? I have enough to do just learning all the content in my clinical courses. What do research and evidence have to do with developing my nursing abilities? I trust the faculty, the textbooks, and clinical experience to prepare me for nursing. I’m already getting what I need to know. That was my earlier attitude. Now that I am practicing, I have a new appreciation for nursing research and the evidence it provides for application to practice. I have an entirely different way of addressing clinical questions. I’m starting to ask questions about how I can improve the care I give to patients and how I can be involved in my workplace’s efforts to improve care for the patients it serves. I have discovered by purposeful reading in my practice area that research reports and research summaries contain many implications that apply to practice in the critical care unit.  ¦ QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHILE READING THIS CHAPTER: 1 How can faculty encourage students to read research journals? 2 How does research affect nursing practice? 3 How can nurses motivate colleagues to base their practice on research? KEY TERMS Clinical nurse researcher (CNR) An advanced practice nurse who is doctorally prepared and directs and participates in clinical research. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) An advanced practice nurse who provides direct care to clients and participates in health education and research. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) an evidence-based guide to clinical practice developed by experts in a particular ? eld for direct application in clinical environments. Control group Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured. When a true experimental design is not used, this group is usually called a comparison group. Data collection The process of acquiring existing information or developing new information. 104 Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 105 Empirical Having a foundation based on data gathered through the senses (e. g. , observation or experience) rather than purely through theorizing or logic. Ethnography A qualitative research method for the purpose of investigating cultures that involves data collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. Evidence-based practice The process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as the basis for clinical practice. Experimental design A design that includes randomization, a control group, and manipulation between or among variables to examine probability and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Generalizability The inference that ? ndings can be generalized from the sample to the entire population. Grant Proposal developed to seek research funding from private or public agencies. Grounded theory A qualitative research design used to collect and analyze data with the aim of developing theories grounded in real-world observations. This method is used to study a social process. Meta-analysis Quantitative merging of ? ndings from several studies to determine what is known about a phenomenon. Methodologic design A research design used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments that measure research concepts and variables. Naturalistic paradigm A holistic view of nature and the direction of science that guides qualitative research. Needs assessment A study in which the researcher collects data for estimating the needs of a group, usually for resource allocation. Phenomenology A qualitative research design that uses inductive descriptive methodology to describe the lived experiences of study participants. Pilot study A smaller version of a proposed study conducted to develop or re? ne methodology, such as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study. Qualitative research A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Quantitative research A formal, objective, systematic process used to describe and test relationships and examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables. Quasi-experimental research A type of quantitative research study design that lacks one of the components (randomization, control group, manipulation of one or more variables) of an experimental design. Randomization The assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (determined by chance alone). Secondary analysis A research design in which data previously collected in another study are analyzed. State-of-the-science summary A merging of ? ndings from several studies concerning the same topic. Examples include meta-analysis with a quantitative approach and integrative review with a descriptive approach. Survey A nonexperimental research design that focuses on obtaining information regarding the status quo of a situation, often through direct questioning of participants. Triangulation The use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same concept. LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1 Summarize major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing. 2 Evaluate the in? uence of nursing research on current nursing and health care practices. 3 Differentiate among nursing research methods. 4 Evaluate the quality of research studies using established criteria. 5 Participate in the research process. 6 Use research ? ndings to improve nursing practice. 106 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides basic knowledge regarding the research process and the ultimate importance of evidence-based nursing practice. The intent is to inspire an appreciation for nursing research and to show how it can improve nursing practice and how results can be translated into health policy. Nursing research is de? ned as a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. A summary of major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing is presented. A description of private and public organizations that fund research is given, and their research priorities are listed. Major research designs are brie? y described, and examples of each are given. Nurses of all educational levels are encouraged to participate in and promote nursing research at varying degrees. The process of locating research and evidence for practice is reviewed. Students are introduced to the research process and guided in the process of critically appraising published research and research syntheses. Ethical issues related to research are examined, and historical examples of unethical research are given. The functions of the institutional review board (IRB) and the use of informed consent in protecting the rights of human subjects are emphasized. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH Research is a process of systematic inquiry or study to build knowledge in a discipline. The purpose of research is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Speci? cally, research validates and re? nes existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). The results of research process provide a foundation on which practice decisions and behaviors are laid. Research results create a strong scienti? c base for nursing practice, especially when deliberately and carefully evaluated for application to speci? c clinical topics (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). In recent decades the nursing discipline has begun to pay much greater attention to the necessity of participating in research. Nursing research is a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. Because nursing is a practice profession, it is important that clinical practice be based on scienti? c knowledge. Evidence generated by nursing research provides support for the quality and cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions. Thus recipients of health care—and particularly nursing care—reap bene? ts when nurses attend to research evidence and introduce change based on that evidence into nursing practice. The introduction of evidence-based change into the direct provision of nursing care may occur at the individual level of a particular nurse or at varied organizational or social levels. In addition to nursing research aimed at affecting the direct provision of nursing and health care to recipients of nursing care, nursing research also is needed to generate knowledge in areas that affect nursing care processes indirectly. Research within the realms of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, characteristics of nurses, and nursing roles provides evidence for effectively changing these supporting areas of nursing knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). Today the importance of nursing research to the discipline is recognized. However, much nursing history underlies the current state of acceptance. EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research began with the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. After Florence Nightingale’s work, the pattern that nursing research followed was closely related to the problems confronting nurses. For example, nursing education was the focus of most research studies between 1900 and 1940. As more nurses received their education Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 107 in a university setting, studies regarding student characteristics and satisfactions were conducted. As more nurses pursued a college education, staf? ng patterns in hospitals changed because students were not as readily available as when more students were enrolled in hospitalaf? liated diploma programs. During this period, researchers became interested in studying nurses. Questions such as what type of person enters nursing and how are nurses perceived by other groups guided research investigations. Teaching, administration, and curriculum were studies that dominated nursing research until the 1970s. By the 1970s more doctorally prepared nurses were conducting research, and there was a shift to studies that focused on the improvement of patient care. The 1980s brought nursing research to a new stage of development. There were many more quali? ed nurse researchers than ever, widespread availability of computers for collection and analysis of data, and a realization that research is a vital part of professional nursing (Polit and Beck, 2006). Nurse researchers began conducting studies based on the naturalistic paradigm. These studies were qualitative rather than quantitative. In addition, instead of conducting many small, unrelated research studies, teams of researchers, often interdisciplinary, began conducting programs of research to build bodies of knowledge related to speci? c topics, such as urinary incontinence, decubitus ulcers, pain, and quality of life. The 1990s brought increasing concern about health care reform, and now in the twenty-? rst century, research studies focus on important health care delivery issues, such as cost, quality, and access. Research ? ndings are being used increasingly as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidencebased practice (EBP) can be de? ned as the process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as a basis for making decisions about patient care. The rise of technology and the worldwide access and ? ow of information have transformed the decision-making processes of practitioners. Helpful informational websites for busy practitioners are listed in Box 6-1. No longer do nurses simply compare outcomes of patient care with other units in the B O X 6–1 Helpful Websites l f l b i National Guideline Clearinghouse—resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. guidelines. gov US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Practice Guidelines www. healthquality. va. gov AHRQ Healthcare Innovations Exchange—innovations and tools to improve health care www. innovations. ahrq. gov/index. aspx The Evidence-Based Medicine Education Center of Excellence—extensive list of databases, journals, and textbooks http://library. ncahec. net/ebm/pages/resources. htm U. S. National Institute for Health Consensus statements http://consensus. nih. gov Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing, based at University of York—United Kingdom www. york. ac. uk/healthsciences/centres/evidence/cebn. htm The Joanna Briggs Institute, based at Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Australia—multiple evidence resources for practice www. joannabriggs. edu. au Cochrane Center—resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. cochrane. org 108 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing same hospital. Nurses and other health care professionals are more likely to look for solutions, choices, and outcomes for patients that represent the best available knowledge internationally (Hamer and Collinson, 2005). RESEARCH PRIORITIES Why set priorities for research in the nursing discipline? Can nurses do research in areas that match personal areas of interest? The answer to the second question is, yes, certainly. But nursing exists to provide high-quality nursing care to individuals in need of health-promoting, health-sustaining, and health-restoring strategies. The main outcome of research activity for a nurse is to eventually put the knowledge gained to work in health care delivery. Research priorities, often set by groups that fund research, encourage nurse researchers to invest effort and money into those areas of research likely to generate the most bene? t to recipients of care. Of course the funding opportunities offered by such groups do not hurt the research enterprise either. Research costs money. Thus nurses engaged in research often match personal interests with funding opportunities that are available during the planning phase for a proposed investigation. Two major sources of funding for nursing research are the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research [AHCPR] and reauthorized as AHRQ by Congress in 1999). Both of these organizations are funded by federal congressional appropriations. Private foundations and nursing organizations also provide funding for nursing research. National Institute of Nursing Research As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the NINR supports research on the biologic and behavioral aspects of critical health problems that confront the nation. The NINR’s research focus encompasses â€Å"health promotion and disease prevention, quality of life, health disparities, and end-of-life† (NINR Strategic Plan 2006-2010, 2006). A small sampling of potentially supported research topics includes those aimed at: ? Determining disease risk and treatment through utilizing genetic information ? Determining effective health-promotion strategies for individuals, families, and communities ? Discovering approaches that encourage people to effectively take responsibility for symptom management and health promotion ? Assisting in identi? cation and effective management of symptoms related to acute and chronic disease ? Improving clinical settings in which care is provided ? Improving the quality of care giving in settings such as long-term care facilities, the home, and the community ? Understanding predisposition to disease, socioeconomic factors that in? uence health, and cultural health practices that either protect from or expose to risk for health problems ? Improving symptom management for those at end of life The areas of research emphasis published by the NINR are useful guides for investigators developing proposals but are not considered to be prescriptive in nature. Investigators bring to bear their own unique expertise and creativity when proposing research in harmony with NINR priority research areas. Annually the NINR conducts a roundtable discussion with multiple nursing organizations to obtain the feedback of the disciplines regarding the need for continued or new research Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 109 emphases. Information obtained is used in setting future research agendas and making decisions about funding of proposals submitted by researchers (Of? ce of Science Policy and Public Liaison, NINR, 2009). The NINR website details current announcements regarding research priorities (www. ninr. nih. gov/ResearchAndFunding). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The AHRQ broadly de? nes its mission as â€Å"improving the quality, safety, ef? ciency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans† (AHRQ, 2009a). As an agency of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, the AHRQ’s health-related aims are to reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care, improve health care outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed health care decisions, transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective health care services, and reduce unnecessary costs (AHRQ, 2009a). Since the inception of the agency in 1989, strategic goals have centered on supporting improvements in health outcomes, strengthening measurement of health care quality indicators, and fostering access to and cost-effectiveness of health care. The 1999 reauthorizing legislation expanded the role of the agency by directing the AHRQ to: ? Improve the quality of health care through scienti? c inquiry, dissemination of ? ndings, and facilitation of public access to information. ? Promote patient safety and reduce medical errors through scienti? c inquiry, building partnerships with health care providers, and establishment of centers for education and research on therapeutics (CERTs). ? Advance the use of information technology for coordinating patient care and conducting quality and outcomes research. ? Establish an of? ce on priority populations to ensure that the needs of low-income groups, minorities, women, children, the elderly, and individuals with special health care needs are addressed by the agency’s research efforts. The research-related activities of the AHRQ are quite varied, but a recent shift emphasizes a more deliberate translation of research evidence into practice. In a process similar to that used by the NIH, investigators are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding through grant announcements. A listing of current areas of the agency’s research interests can be found online at www. ahrq. gov/fund/portfolio. htm. The AHRQ actively promotes EBP, partially through the establishment of 14 EBP centers (EPCs) in the United States and Canada. EPCs conduct research on assigned clinical care topics and generate reports on the effectiveness of health care methodologies. Health care providers may then use the evidence in developing site-speci? c guidelines that direct clinical practice. AHRQ also actively maintains the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www. guidelines. gov), an website that makes available to health care professionals a wide array of clinical practice guidelines that may be considered in health care decision making. Another recent addition to AHRQ’s initiatives is the Healthcare Innovations Exchange (2009b), which provides a public source of information about innovations taking place in health care delivery. Submitted innovations are reviewed for the quality of achieved outcomes, providing evidence as a foundation for decision making by others who may be searching for or considering similar innovations. Although most AHRQ activities are intended to support health care professionals and institutions, the agency supports health care recipients by designing some information speci? cally for dissemination to the lay public (AHRQ, 2009a). 110 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing Private Foundations Federal funding is available through the NIH and the AHRQ. However, because obtaining money for research is becoming increasingly competitive, voluntary foundations and private and community-based organizations should be investigated as possible funding sources. Many foundations and corporate direct-giving programs are interested in funding health care projects and research. Computer databases and guides to funding are available in local libraries. In addition, grant-seeking enterprises often purchase subscriptions that allow computer access to enhanced listings of funding foundations that include information about the types of projects those foundations typically fund. Though subscriptions are expensive, costs are often balanced by the ef? ciency with which suitable funding prospects are identi? ed. An example of such a service is Prospect Research Online (www. iwave. com). Private foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009a, 2009b) or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009), offer program funding for health-related research. Investigators should be encouraged to pursue funding for small projects through local sources or private foundations until a track record is established in research design and implementation. After several years of experience in the research arena, investigators are more likely to be successful in securing funding through federal sources, such as the NIH. Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the Oncology Nurses Society (ONS), are a few of the nursing organizations that fund research studies. STTI makes research grant awards to increase scienti? c knowledge related to nursing practice. STTI supports creative interdisciplinary research and places importance on identifying â€Å"best practices† and benchmark innovations. Awards are made at the international and local chapter levels. The ANA awards small grants through the American Nurses Foundation. Specialty nursing organizations offer grants to support research related to their specialty. For example, the ONS awards grants that focus on issues related to oncology. To summarize, multiple potential sources of funding are available for research projects. The individual or group wishing to conduct research will need to carefully develop a proposal, search for a possible funding source, and submit the proposal. Libraries and the Internet provide ample information about the many foundations and organizations interested in funding research endeavors. Most research institutions establish of? ces that help in the search and procurement of funding. Thus researchers are supported in their work of knowledge building. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS The research process involves conceptualizing a research study, planning and implementing that study, and communicating the ? ndings. The process involves a logical ? ow as each step builds on the previous steps. These steps should be included in published research reports so that the reader has a basis for understanding and critiquing the study (Box 6-2). STUDY DESIGNS Study designs are plans that tell a researcher how data are to be collected, from whom data are to be collected, and how data will be analyzed to answer speci? c research questions. Research studies are classi? ed into two basic methods: quantitative and qualitative, two distinctly different approaches to conducting research. The researcher chooses the method based on the research question and the current level of knowledge about the phenomena and the problem to be studied. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numeric

Youth Athletics Essay -- Sports Violence Parents Essays

Youth Athletics In Reading, Massachusetts, one parent was beaten to death by another parent after a scuffle at a youth hockey game (Sachs). In Palin Beach, Florida, a father of a little league player was sentenced to three years in prison after taking a gun and pointing it at a coach (Gehring). In Port St. Lucie, Florida, a headline in the evening paper read, "Spectator Bites off Man's Ear at Youth Baseball Game" (Pallerino). Why would parents act in such negative ways? They are too competitive at youth athletic events. During my five years refereeing youth sports, I have seen many examples of negative behavior. This past September, a parent, whom I have known for a few years, approached me after a basketball game her child's team had lost. I knew something was going to happen, but there was nothing I could do. Mind you, this is a 7th grade tournament, so the children were 11-and-12 year-olds. The mother asked me loudly, "Why did you tell my daughter to shut up?" I replied that I only told her daughter to hush because her daughter told me quite hatefully that she wasn't the only person that fouled. Now, granted at the time this child was losing the game, I knew that she wasn't feeling too good about herself, so I had told her calmly that she didn't need to be disrespectful. However, as I tried to explain this to the mother, she told me that I do not have the right to do such a thing. She neglected to understand that referees frequently levy technical fouls for disrespectful behavior on the court, bu t I had just given a warning. I never imagined such a response when the game was over. This mother cursed me with every vulgarity imaginable. She also told me that I was the loser of the community and that I could never do anythin... ...search.epnet.com. 2 Nov. 2003. Cox, RachelS. (2001, Mar. 23). Abstract. CO Researcher. 11.11. Oct. 29,2003. <http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearchers> Gehring, John. "More Schools Calling Foul on Unsportsmanlike Behavior." Education Week 21.7 (17 Oct. 2001): 6. EBSCOhost: Academic Search Premier. Camden-Carroll Lib. http://search.epnet.com/direct. 31 Oct. 2003. Hypes, Julia. Personal Interview. 23 Nov. 2003. Pallerino, Michael J. "Is the Rash of Parental Violence at Youth Sporting Events Increasing, or Are We Just Now Recognizing it as a Problem?" SportingKid Magazine. National Alliance for Youth Sports. 2001. http://www.navs.org. 28 Nov. 2003. Sachs, Michael L. "Lighten Up Parents!" USA Today 129.2666 (Nov. 2000): 62-63. EBSCOhost: Academic Search Premier. Camden-Carroll Lib. Morehead State University. http://search.epnet.com . 31 Oct. 2003.

First Day in School

It was the first day of the new school term 2012. The moment that I am looking forward for the past 2 months  during  school holiday finally arrived. Feeling ebullient, I said to myself â€Å"Yes!!! I am starting my Primary 3 today†. Waking up earlier than usual without my parents â€Å"wake-up† call, I rush to the toilet to have a quick shower and clean-up and straight proceed to the kitchen to have my breakfast. The bread spread with  a thin layer of butter which I occasionally have during school day is finally back!!! At 6:30am, my mum brought me downstairs to wait for the school bus. As usual the same group of 6 students plus my P2 classmate, Madhu is waiting eagerly for the bus to arrive. It has been our practise to queue up while waiting for the bus. It took us 10 minutes for the school bus to reach our beloved CHIJ Primary Toa Payoh school. Upon reaching the school, i am expecting to see new students who is starting their first day of Primary 1 in our school. I am in the look to see any parents who require any help for directions in our school and I am more happy to show them the way. This is my proud moment as I am representing the school and to my delight  the parents said â€Å"Thank You† to me!!! I proceed to Parade Square where the place for our assembly area. At the assembly area, I saw many type of faces. There were those who looked as nerd; some looked lethargic, seemed to be burning midnight oil, some looked excited to meet with their friends again cby chatting non-stop. We took our morning prayers and waiting anxiously for our beloved principal Ms Margaret Tan for her opening speech. The moment I am waiting for when Mrs Margaret Tan  call out and introduced all  Form Teacher names. I am really looking forward to meet my new teacher today which subsequently being announced as Ms Evelyn Chee. We are then asked to proceed to our class at level 2. Although it was the first day of school after two long months of holidays, the class was still clean. Itt was beyond of my expectation that the tables and chairs were free of dust. Perhaps the workers of the school were industrious and responsible!!! Good Morning everybody, I am your form teacher and you can call me Ms Chee† a slim and tall lady mooching in the class said. She looked kind and her look could allay my anxiety to be in the class. We are being updated with our P3 new timetable and also being reminded of the school rules and regulations. It's really a day full of excitement, meeting new and my former classmates and of course meeting my new teacher. I am definitely ready with the new challenge in Primar y 3 Ixora.

The Sweet Dream Motel - 976 Words

The Sweet Dream Motel Managers need to know where they are now if they are to be able to decide where they are going. SWOT analysis gives managers a chance to examine the external environment within which the organization operates and the internal state of the organization. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are factors which are specific to the firm while opportunities and threats arise from the external environment. First, Strengths in one of the internal factors. To know what are these strengths is to state what the organization is best at or what intellectual property do they own also the financial resources they have. Like in the case study of the Sweet Dream Motel Mr. Smith†¦show more content†¦The open learning is now founded to open up higher education to everyone regardless of their circumstances or where they live. It takes students of all aged and backgrounds. Open learning universities give second chances to those school leavers who choose to begin their careers while they study for a degree. And also allows people who have missed out on education to fulfill their potentials and achieve a university level qualification. Open learning students can benefit the market by studying and working part time jobs where they can bring new ideas from what they learn and apply it in their work or they might just start their own business and be their own bosses where they can get involved more in the market at the same time where they get information that can benefit their business from what they study. There are some external factors that can affect the society. The open learning has developed a range of ways to include people form underrepresented groups in higher education. Also to reach out to potential students and making sure that these students receive the support they need to succeed in their studies. 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