Alice walker in search of the garden Essay Example for Free

Alice walker in search of the garden Essaylice baby carriages essay, In Search of Our Mothers Garden, talks about her search of the African American womens check talent, of the artistic skills and talents that they lost because of striverry and a forced modal value of life. baby carriage builds up her rivalrys from historical events as well as the collective experiences of African Americans, including her own.She uses these experiences to hindquarters up her arguments formed from recollections of various African American characters and events. baby carriage points out that a great part of her contracts and grandmothers lives have been suppressed because of their meritless, gamy pasts. But all of these are non lost because someways, these are manifested in even the smallest things that they do, and that they were also fitting to pass it drink to the very people that they loved. Our search of our mothers garden may closing curtain ass to ourselves. pedestrian builds up her argument by mentioning the experiences of other people in the essay. one(a) of them is dungaree Toomer, a poet in the early 1920s. He is a man who observed that Black women are strange because they possessed intense spirituality in them, even though their bodies endure every aspect of penalisation in every single day of their lives. They were in the strictest sense Saints crazy, pitiful saints. Walker points out that without a doubt, our mothers and grandmothers belong to this type of people.By building up on the observations of Toomer, she was somehow able to show how firm it was to be a mother or a grandmother or even just a woman at that time, one reason perhaps is that they are black. The mothers and grandmothers at that time endured all of this without either hope that tomorrow will be different, be better. Because of this, they were not able to fully pull out themselves. They were held back by their society.Another black character that she used to build her arg ument is Phillis Wheatley, a Black slave girl with a precarious health. Phillis is a poet and a writer at her own right, but unfortunately, she wasnt able to do much with it because she was a slave. She didnt have some(prenominal)thing for herself, worse, she didnt even own herself. Her uneffective attempts for self expression would be washed up by forced labor and pregnancies. She lost her health, and eventually her life without fully expressing herself through her gift for poetry.Alice Walker used the story of Phillis to establish the understanding that indeed, African American women at that time were not giveed or didnt have the luxury of time to doing their gifts, to hone their talents and abilities, and use them to fully express themselves. By doing so, Walker proves that our mothers and grandmothers lived a boxed life back then, with no way to channel to them emotions and thoughts other than steadfastly labor and forced servitude. She pointed out that we wouldnt realise if anyone of them wouldve bloomed to be poets, singers, actresses, because they never really had the chance to know what they can do.By building up her argument using these deuce accounts, she is also presenting very strong evidence to her claim. These accounts were personal experiences of real African American people, and these are not just isolated cases. These are shared experiences not just by these two but by all of their people. Walker can confidently say that there is a serve of Phillis Wheatley in those times, perhaps including her mother and grandmothers. This is concrete evidence because it is not fictional, it is not imaginary, or something conceived out of Walkers creativity. Slavery, forced pregnancies, poverty, and artistic suppression were the realities during the time of our grandmothers. No one can deny this, and no one can deny the existence of Phillis or the accounts of Jean Toomer.Considering Alice Walkers authority in her arguments, she could be considered as an expert, a reliable source of information on the topic. First off, she is an African American woman, who had her fair share of poverty in her childhood. She was born and raised by hard springing parents, who really had to work day and night to provide for their family. Also, she witnesses first hand that even though her mother may not be a poet or a novelist she was an artist in the truest sense. Her artistic side is manifested in her gardens and the pulchritudinous flowers that she grows. Alice Walker witnessed all of this, experienced first hand what it was like to be poor and seemingly talentless.The accounts that Alice Walker used to prove her points and back up her arguments were African American history that she was all too familiar with. It may have been shared to her by her families, or simply a collective knowledge passed down from one generation to another. She is also well-educated, a wide reader, and an artist. She often cites Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own, relat ing a white womans plight to a black womans hardships. She emphasizes that even though she recognizes Woolfs point about societys unfair treatment to women of her time, Walker still believes that black women suffered the most (Walker). There is simply nothing that could compare to the artistic suppression that her mother and grandmothers experienced.In this essay, she is appealing to a general audience, with no specific race or ethnicity. I weigh this essay was written to highlight the African American women of her mother and grandmothers time, who were unable to express their talents and hone it to its full potential. This essay is written to inform anyone and everyone reading it about their stories, and of her bring outy of her mothers garden. She was glad to know that it is possible for African American women to express themselves even unknowingly, that it is up to us to discover these gardens. She is appealing to the readers in general that even though some people like our mot hers and grandmothers seem talentless or artistically inferior, it doesnt mean that they really lack the talent. It just means that were not looking hard enough to find it.Alice Walkers method of using personal experience and historical accounts allow her to truthfully see and say what has really happened. She doesnt have to make up hypothetical events because she already has a basis for her arguments. Jean Toomers recollections and Phillis Wheatleys experiences are enough proof of her argument. If some people would disagree with what shes saying, she can always go back to their experiences, to how Phillis suffered without fully using her gift, or what Toomer sawing machine in the streets in the early Twenties.But because of this, I think Walker is somehow limited to the sad and pitiful stories of the past. Well, in reality, most of the stories of African Americans were really sad and pitiful, but still, Walker failed to mention of any successful artist who rose from the ranks of s laves to write her own story. It is either this kind of story really didnt exist at that time, or Walker just didnt mention it, since it wasnt the focus ofher essay.Alice Walker concluded her essay by saying that Phillis Wheatleys mother was also an artist, and that the achievements of their daughters were in some way brought about by their mothers. Her conclusion states that the mother is somehow responsible in every achievement of their daughter. both artistic output by a person is also a product of their mother. Indeed, their children are their top hat creations, their very own wonderful gardens. This conclusion is related to her method because it goes back to how Phillis Wheatleys mother was somehow responsible for her daughters artistic sense, and that beyond the poverty and the hardships that our mothers and grandmothers experienced during their times, they were still able to artistically express themselves through their children, their very own wonderful gardens.

Theories Of Grameen Bank Founder Professor Muhammad Yunus

Theories Of Grameen Bank Founder professor Muhammad Yunus smallfinance is the provision of financial go by trusted institutions kn admit as MFIs such as Cooperative Banks, Community Based-Saving Bank, Credit Unions, schooling avow to the brusque, archetypal base income bring iners, egotism-employed and sm totally businesses design to address to address issues of beggary. harmonize to MIX in June 2010 there was to a greater extent than 1800 MFIs in over 100 countries, with 92.4 millions borrowers and 78.5 millions savers in the developing world. The concept of microfinance was created by Professor Muhammad Yunus interrupt of Grameen till in Bangladesh. Microfinance includes a range of services such as micro computer address, scrimping, amends and gunstocks transfer. Traditional bevels do non provide facilities to showtime income earners they provide services to pot after assessing the profile of clients according to certain(p) criteria such as pay, credit history and assets of the clients. According to Hernando De Soto (1989) a Peruvian economist brusque passel contain no assets to provide as collateral to hope when taking a impart, therefore they ar not li equal to receive loans from cambers. Since misfortunate masses do not crap entre to traditionalistic banks they have to lend currency with high interest rates from oppositewises sources such as pawnbroker and local m integrityy lender whatevertimes with 100% interest rate as borrowing from them is fast and flexible.Over the perish 30 geezerhood MFIs have developed new methods with less collateral to offer small loans to low income earners and has gr ingest rapidly in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America where there were few bank infrastructures and where in some cases more(prenominal) than 80 % of the population did not have a bank account. According to CGAP (2008), MFIs argon funded by 33 donors of 21 investors such as DFI. Microfinance offers permanent fi nancial facilities for upbringing, health, personal emergencies, disasters, enthronization opportunities to the poor and it is use as a development tool. MFIs begin as non- amplification organization increasingly they atomic number 18 now evolving as profit entities because MFIs argon required to have a banking license for saving services. slightly MFIs offers non-financial facilities such as health services and business development. In this check out we leave alone analyze and leaven how microfinance contributes to the stinting development of a country and the review will be foc apply on come throughence of purpose and the sanction of women by microfinance.2.1.1 Professor Muhammad YunusTheoretical reviewThe concept of microfinance was created by Professor Muhammad Yunus founder of Grameen bank in Bangladesh and noble price winner in 2006.He receives 76 other awards in divergent countries for his work. Professor Yunus obtainded a doctorate in Economics from Vanderbilt University found in Nashville, Tennessee in the United States. During the famine of 1974 in Bangladesh Professor Muhammad Yunus minor loans of USD27 to 42 poor families for them to buy and sell small articles to allow them to earn a life. The target behind the loan was to reduce leanness in Bangladesh. Grameen bank was an idea generated by Professor Yunus the bank started as a hurtle at the University of Chittagong as a pilot test to find different ways of providing credit to the poor in the rural argona.The Grameen bank offered its services to a village named Jobra serious the university the project was successful and had the support of Bangladesh central bank in 1979. The bank pull outs its services to Tangail district and to other areas of Bangladesh. In 1983 the Bangladesh Government turns the project into an independent bank and Professor Yunus had a set apart from the Ford foundation to incorporate Grameen bank with the support of two bankers namely Mary Houghton and R on Grzywinkski from Shore bank of Chicago. The Ford foundation was established in 1936 it is an independent nonprofit and nongovernmental organization which serve in cordial change, the organization help to reduce poverty and help in valet de chambre advancement worldwide by offering subsidies and loans to certain organizations.2.2.4 Credit UnionMutual societiesGrameen bank is a Nobel Prize winner alliance founded in 1983, its headquarter is situated in Dhaka in Bangladesh and the bank is know for its solidarity lending system or banking and is in like manner known as banking to the poor. Solidarity lending is the foundation of microcredit. The word Grameen is derived means village in Bangladesh, the bank incorporates the 16 decisions which is recited by bank borrowers and which they shall abide to them. The 16 decisions comprises the four principles of Grameen bank which are Discipline, Courage, Unity, and Hard work, and the other 15 decisions are resumed as to improve their standard of living and there is the element of unitedlyness to do societal activities to improve their way of living. These sixteen decisions have a positive impact on the inhabitants of Bangladesh where more children have join school. The bank has different sources of funding initially huge ceiling was obtained from donor agency at low rates. During the 1990s the bank has its bulk of capital from the Central bank of Bangladesh and recently from the sales of bonds subsidised by its government. In 1998 The bank induce loan to poor spate in the form of microcredit as a result of flood in Bangladesh, the quittance rate decreases but recovered afterwards, USD4.7 zillions has been loaned in 2005and USD6 billion in 2008.Nowadays the bank has expand more and offers more loans to the poor and in 2006 it has up to 2100 branches in Bangladesh. Due to Grameens success more than 40 countries including the United States in 2008 where 12.6% of the population live downstairs the poverty line have been inspired by the bank to consider projects with the same perspective, only Africa which has lag behind. The creative activity Bank has financed the projects. The bank is owned by the poor borrowers of the bank of which the majority are women as the borrowers own 94% of the equity and the remaining 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh. The bank has grown to a large extent between 2003-2007 in 2003 the numbers of borrowers have doubled and in October 2007 the number of clients was 7.34 one thousand thousand of which 97% were women and had a staff of 24703, in 2468 branches over 80257 villages that is the branches have spread in more villages since they were situated in only 43681 villages in 2003 and the quittance rate. Since the banks started to operate it has USD6.55 billions as loans USD87 billion has been repaid and the bank claim refund rate of 98.35% up from the 95% of 1998 but again the Wall Street journal in 2001claim that it doubted the 95% and the a ccounting standard used by Grameen bank. Grameen started to diversify in the 1980 where it develops into a multi facet group with profit and nonprofit group among which are Grameen fisheries foundation for fisheries project, Grameen Agriculture Foundation for irrigation project, Grameen fund and Grameen self-confidence.Grameen believe that the concept of big(p) charity will encourage charity whereas the concept of microcredit will help poor race to suffocate poverty and the bank invest in children education by providing scholarships and loans for higher education.Grameen FoundationPPIMicrofinance in developed countries2.3.3 Theoretical study ofMicrocreditTheoretical studyAccording to Boudreaux and Cowen (2008) microcredit is a micro magic and makes the life of the poor stimulates easier, it is an alternative to traditional lending of banks. Instead of giving charity to the poor, microcredit is a human way of providing finance to poor people as according to the Chinese proverb G ive a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime, it is an coronation in human capital. Microcredit is an innovation in the world of finance it forms part of microfinance, the concept did not exist before the s flushties, and it is a small loan rarely exceeding USD200 and usually below USD50 made to the poor or people with low income with little or no collateral. Microcredit clients are those that are considered as near the poverty line, the loans allow micro entrepreneurs to generate an income for a better standard of living. Grameen bank found itself on lead Cs namely Character that is the reliability of the people the Capacity to handle funds and the detonator which is the assets of the borrower such as savings. Microcredit is gaining more credibility in the finance industry and many large organizations are developing microfinance programs for future growth although at the start many were pessimistic about the future of microcred it in the financial system. 50% of the population in many developing countries is self employed and these loans of three months to three historic period with small interest rates and no collateral help poor people to become financially independent and help to reduce poverty. The microcredit programs helps people to achieve high repayment rate crimson sometimes more than that of traditional banking because of the system of peer support. In the case of the Grameen bank where there are solidarity groups and it is also known as fond capital and is composed of 5 members and each member is prudent for each other success and repayment, but are not guarantees or liable if members default. Nevertheless the members make sure that each one is taking its responsibility to make repayment this act as a motivating factor for the members. Sometimes in real life when a member of the group defaults the other four collaborates together and contribute to pay on behalf of the defaulting member.The m icrocredit system of Grameen bank is based on Trust and there is no conventional contract between the bank and the borrowers, but the borrowers must have a small account with the bank known as group fund which acts as an insurance in case of an emergency. Women account for 97% of the microcredit client of Grameen bank and this help to empower women as they get access to resources and have a say in decision making since they become micro entrepreneurs. Grameen bank has records of 98% repayment rate from women which is in contradiction with Wall street Journal which says that there is one one-fifth of the total loan of the bank is overdue but Grameen bank claims in turn that the standard of living of the poor has profitd that is they are respecting the 16 decisions of the bank and are able to make a repayment of somewhat 4USD per week.Empirical review of microcreditGrameen bank develop several program for the poor of which one of them is the try members program in 2003 which is di fferent from the 5 group member borrowing it consists of distributing interest free loans to beggars in Bangladesh where the banking rules do not apply and where the repayment period is arbitrary for USD1.5 about 3.4 US cents and if they borrower default they are already covered under an insurance paid by the bank itself. This type of loan advance the beggars to generate an income by the sales of cheap items, there is a record shown in the microfinance upside 2006 that loans taken by beggars are about USD 833,150 and the repayment is USD 496,900 that is 59.64% repayment rate which according to me is quite encouraging since it is more half of the money loaned.Certain developed countries such as in Canada have try to used the Grameen model but the project has failed due to certain factors such as the risk profile of clients, no taste for joint liability that is the no solidarity between the borrowers, high overhead costs therefore the project does not stand without subsidies in Can ada which is contrary to the USA where microcredit has been successful. Sometimes microcredit is subjected to problem such as self-concern and asymmetric nurture. The number one Grameen branch has made a loan of $1.5 million in the USA among which was 600 women and the repayment was very high up to 99%. People took the loan to sell items such as flowers, jewellery clothes and Grameen bank remains unshaken while others collapsed during crisis. Despite the global recession, The hot seat Barack Obama announced the institution of $100 million funds to lend as microcredit to the western hemisphere.Micro SavingApart from microcredit the involve of financial users is increasing, there is demand from 19 million potential savers to have access to micro saving services. They need services that are flexible and adapted to them. Traditionally savings is done by people at home or by normal banks at a high cost which was not encouraging to the poor. Microfinance has brought services such as savings to poor people. Savings help people to tone safer and more stable, and help poor people to manage their money conveniently. Micro saving consists of small deposits, toll and interest rate that is flexible to clients at the same time banks used the money to make loans to poor people.Credit InsuranceIn 2002 opportunity organization started to give micro insurance services. Its subsidiary MicroEnsure was the first institution offering micro insurance services and provide protection against many risks for the poor. Stakeholders and local insurance worked in collaboration with MicroEnsure to develop and match the needs of the poor. The insurance provided were affordable, they offered agricultural, medical, property and life policy providing a safety net in case of disasters with average premium of USD 1.5 for family with 5members. Medical policies covered even people already suffering from diseases and even those suffering from HIV viruses.Actually MicroEnsure is offering insur ance in 5 countries to over 1million poor people and was one of the runner-ups of financial times in June 5 for sustainability award and receives a grant from The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to expand itself in other countries.Microcredit transferMicrocredit SummitThe first microcredit summit was held at capital letter D.C. on the 24 February 1997, 137 countries were present at the summit with 2900 participants. In the summit they launch a campaign to reach 100 million poorest families that is those people living below the poverty line, with those living with less than USD1.25 a day adjusted to the purchasing power parity (based on 2005 prices) all around the world within nine years especially to empower women as micro entrepreneurs. The objective was nearly achieved in 2005 and in November 2006 the campaign re-launched to 2015 with two new objectives was ensured that 175 millions poorest families especially women are obtaining credit for self employment and for business and financial services. The second objective is to ensure that 100 millions poorest familys worldwide adjoin to USD1 a day adjusted to the purchasing power parity from 1990 to 2015.The microcredit campaign is the project of the Educational fund from the USA an organization committed to end hunger and poverty around the world. The campaign group together people such as microcredit practitioners, donor agencies, international financial institutions, non -governmental organizations, advocates, and other people tortuous with microcredit for efficient and efficient practices. In August 2008 the World Bank claim that some 280 million families live below the poverty line with less than USD1.25 daily. The four core themes of the summit are reaching the poorest, empowering women, building self sufficient and sustainable MFIs, ensuring that microfinance has a positive impact on the lives of the poorThe forthcoming Microfinance Summit 2011 will be held in Valladolid, Spain, the summit is belie ved to improve the microfinance sector and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. A atomic number 6 countries and over 2000 participants are expected in the summit. In the agenda there will be the intromission of new products, job creation with microfinance and best practices among other issues will addressed.PovertyIt has been proved that microfinance is the tool to help poor family moved out of poverty and to contribute to the economy of a country. Studies have shown with the microcredit provided by Grameen bank in Bangladesh 48% of the families below the poverty line have exit from poverty. According to some studies with microcredit 5% of the poor could exit the poverty line each year as it is an investment in human capital and improve peoples life. Microcredit is an opportunity for the poor to realize their dreams.Employment GenerationMicrocredit helps in the generation of employment therefore it helps in economic development and in a sustainable means of income. With th e microcredit poor people are able to earn a living by selling low priced items or to even expand their businesses at the same time they become sustainable and create employment for other people .Microfinance is a mean of creating employment and improving the life of poor people.Women Microfinance more specifically microcredit is an instrument used for the empowerment of women it increase societal welfare and enhances gender equity. Microcredit helps women to become economic actors in power. We have comprehend a lot about the role of women in microfinance, 94% of the borrowers of Grameen bank are women and 97% of the borrowers are owners in the equity of the bank, according to Rankin (2002) the reason behind this is because women invest more in the family than men because of their nurturing instincts and are more devoted towards their families. Women play a crucial role in the economic growth of a country by first improving their family life, their communities and countries. In th e microfinance summit provisions are made for the poorest families around but especially for women as they form an important part of microfinance. Women are targeted because they are the one in the family to up bring the children and poverty of the women results in illiteracy of their children and other social problems. Mohhamud Yunus (1999) explains that women are more instinctive to work harder to raise their children and to move their families out of poverty, whereas when a destitute father earns an income his priorities will more around himself than for his family. In 2005 Kofi Anan promote the year as the UN microfinance year for empowerment of women. Studies have shown that women are good income earner and that women have a high repayment rate. In Nepal with the Women empowerment program 68 % of the women are able to cater for the needs of the family by circulariseing their children to school, buying and selling properties which normally was the duty of the husband. Access t o microcredit has increase from 7.6 million in 1997 to 26.8 million in 2001 among which are 21 million women the access to loans enabled them to make economic decisions , to buy assets and resources and to become more independent..We will look at two among many microcredit stories of women the first one is that of Janet Deval from Haiti who was an illiterate women with a hearing problem she had tailfin children, her husband refused to pay the school fees but she knew that education was important for the children. Janet sold goods in Hinche and pay for her children schools on her own. She started to take literacy classes at Fonkoze a microcredit institution in Haiti. Afterwards Janet knew how to write her name and could things that she couldnt do before since she was never sent to school. Later she took a loan from Fonkoze to be able to expand her business at the market to be able to continue to send her children to school, without the microfinance institution Janet would have been unable to read and write and to even expand her business therefore she would have been able to educate her children.The second case is that of Anastacia Abella from the Philippines, she lived as a squatter in Manila, she lived with her four children in a shelter made from scrap, the village have frequent blackout therefore she decided to look for for jar in the garbage to make lamps, after decorating the lamps, she sell 150 of them each day and make a small profit. She took a loan at Opportunity international and she was to make 300 lamps a day, the loan allows her to make greater profit and be able to improve her standard of living.Empirical review accessible capital is an important component of microcredit it is used as a tool in development programmes. Social A study was carried out by Forbes Marshall Co .Ltd a well known company in Maharashtra, India as an initiative of CSR about the impact of social capital on social empowerment carried utilize primary data from 217 women al l members of SHG by victimization random sampling.15 variables were used victimization Likert scale to know the perceptions of women about the microfinance programs. The conclusion of the study was that the social capital created help in women empowerment but that the organization must give appropriate support and policies to the social capital such as capacity building programmes to help decision making.Islamic microfinanceCritics of microfinanceMicrofinance in MauritiusTo coordinate the activities of Grameen Foundation, we have staff based at our headquarters in Washington, D.C., at the Grameen Technology Center in Seattle, Washington and in offices in Los Angeles, Ghana and the Philippines. Overseeing the staff is a Board of Directors. Our Grameen Foundation Advisory Council and our Board Committees and Councils nurture new ideas, innovations, strategic thinking and program development. Much of Grameen Foundations work is done by our network of volunteers who are committed to our mission, some of whom have been working in partnership with us for more than ten years.Alex Counts, chair CEOAlex Counts is President and CEO of Grameen Foundation, a nonprofit organization focused on enabling the poor to escape poverty, using microfinance and applied science. Counts founded Grameen Foundation and became its CEO in 1997, after having worked in microfinance and poverty reduction for 10 years. Since its modest beginnings, sparked by a $6,000 seed grant provided by Grameen Bank founder (and founding Grameen Foundation board member) Professor Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Foundation has grown to a leading international humanitarian organization with an annual budget of approximately $25 million.A Cornell University graduate, Counts commitment to poverty eradication deepened as a Fulbright scholar in Bangladesh, where he witnessed advanced(a) poverty solutions being developed by Grameen Bank. He trained under Dr. Muhammad Yunus, the founder and managing manager of Gramee n Bank, and co-recipient of the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize.Counts has propelled Grameen Foundations philosophy through his writings, including Small Loans, Big Dreams How Nobel Prize Winner Muhammad Yunus and Microfinance Are Changing the World. Counts has also been published in TheWashington Post, the International Herald Tribune, the Stanford Social Innovation Review, The Miami Herald, The Christian Science observe and elsewhere. In 2007 he received the Distinguished Alumni Award from Horace Mann School.Counts chairs the Fonkoze USA board of directors and is the immediate past chair of Project Enterprises board. He sits on the Advisory Council of the Center for Financial Inclusion, the Advisory Board of the Think world-wide Arts Foundation, and he co-chairs the Microenterprise Coalition. He serves on the Board of Directors of two social businesses Grameen-Jameel Pan-Arab Microfinance Ltd. and YouChange PuRong Information Advisory Co. Ltd., which promote microfinance and related effo rts in the Arab World and China respectively.Before leading Grameen Foundation, Counts served as the legislative director of RESULTS and as a regional project manager for CARE-Bangladesh. He speaks fluent Bengali and lives in Washington, DC, with his wife, Emily, and their cat, Seymour.TopPeter Bladin, executive wrong-doing President, Programs and RegionsPeter Bladin is Executive feebleness President of Programs and Regions at Grameen Foundation, and the Founding Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology Center. below his leadership, the Technology Center has led the microfinance industry in driving relevant and appropriate technology innovation, creating information and communications initiatives that benefit the worlds poorest.Peter was a founding member of the MTN-Village Phone board, the first public-private partnership to extend telecommunications access to the rural poor. He is a frequent speaker at international telecommunication and microfinance conferences, and is an Executive Board Member of the International Telecommunications Union Connect the World initiative. Peter is also actively involved with unhomogeneous Seattle-based non-profits, including Global Partnerships and Social Venture Partners. Before joining Grameen Foundation, Peter worked for Microsoft for more than 10 years, managing various projects and departments during his tenure. He has a degree in Mathematics from the University of Uppsala, Sweden.TopJennifer Meehan, CEO, Asia RegionJennifer Meehan joined Grameen Foundation in February 2005 as the founding Director of the Capital Markets Group, during which time she led the development and launch of the Growth Guarantees product. She by and by led Grameen Foundations strategic programmening process before taking on her current role in January 2009. She is based in Hong Kong.Jennifer has lived in Asia Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, and China since 1996. She started her career in the formal financial sector with result Manhattan Bank (now JP Morgan Chase), but made the transition to microfinance following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Prior to joining Grameen Foundation, she worked extensively with poverty-focused MFIs throughout Asia including CASHPOR, the Asian network of Grameen Bank Replicators, on financial management, business planning and financing. She has also consulted for Calvert Social Investment Foundation, among others, and published a number of articles. She was a founding investor and, until October 2007, served on the Investment Committee of the Aavishkaar India Micro Venture Capital monetary fund.Jennifer graduated summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in International personal business from George Washington University.TopAlberto Solano, CEO, AmericasAlberto Solano joined Grameen Foundation in October 2009 and provides leadership and management oversight for our portfolio and activities across the Americas. He also serves as our senior representative in the region. He has more than 10 years experience in microfinance, principally in Latin America, and most recently was the Latin America Program Director for Global Partnerships.He previously worked with the Central American Bank for Economic Integrations microfinance and technical assistance programs in Honduras, and ran his own consulting company specializing in sustainable development and microfinance.TopJulia Soyars, General Counsel and Assistant Corporate secretaryJulia Soyars joined Grameen Foundation in March 2005 and started the Grameen Foundation legal department. After working five years in energy and government contracting law and litigation at Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in Washington, Julia joined the legal department at The American National Red Cross, where she spent eleven years handling domestic and international transactions. Julia is a founding member of the Microfinance Council of Counsels and is a member of the District of Columbia Bar. Julia holds a JD Magna Cum Laude from Syracuse University.TopJoshua Tripp, Chief Financial OfficerJoshua Tripp is Grameen Foundations Chief Financial Officer. Joshua joined Grameen in 2007 after spending seven years at Community Wealth Ventures (CWV), most recently as a wrong-doing President. In his time at CWV, Joshua worked with dozens of innovative nonprofit organizations, helping them to assess, plan and launch for-profit business ventures to increase their sustainability. He became an expert in financial planning and capitalization of social enterprises, and was a presenter at several industry conferences and seminars. Before joining CWV, Joshua was a Project carriage for GS Telecom, a start-up satellite telecommunications company in Ghana. Prior to GS Telecom, Joshua worked in the investment banking division of Deutsche Bank, where he worked on a variety of public equity financings, private placements and merger and acquisition transactions in the technology industry. Joshua has a BA in Economics from Williams College and an MBA from the George Washington University School of Business.TopSandra Adams, Vice President, External AffairsSandra Adams brings three decades of nonprofit development, communications and event marketing experience to Grameen Foundation. Throughout her career her focus has been on improving the status of women in positions with the AAUW Educational Foundation, American Nurses Association, and National Breast Cancer Coalition and on environmental advocacy through her work with the National Parks Conservation Association and The Wilderness Society. An zealous student and proponent of philanthropy, she was elected Chair of the Association of Fundraising Professionals national board of directors, served as President of their Washington, DC chapter and is one of only 150 people to have achieved the Advanced Certified Fundraising Executive credential. She was named Washingtons Outstanding Fund Raising Executive of the Year in 1994. Sandra has served on the boards of Earth Share and CFRE International. She holds a Bachelors degree from Mercyhurst College, a Masters from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and a certificate in Teaching English as a Second Language from Georgetown University.TopCamilla Nestor, Vice President of Microfinance ProgramsCamilla Nestor joined Grameen Foundation in August 2005 and previously served as Growth Guarantees motorbus and Director of the Capital Management and Advisory Center. She was appointed Vice President for Microfinance in April 2009. She has 14 years of experience in microfinance and commercial banking. Before joining Grameen Foundation, she worked in Citigroups Structured Corporate Finance subdivision where she executed credit-enhanced debt financings for emerging markets firms in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Prior to joining Citi, she spent five years on the ground in Southeast Asia, the Balkans, and Africa working with microfinance institutions on start-up, new product development, and capital raising. Camilla holds an MBA and a masters degree in International Affairs from Columbia University and a bachelors degree in Political Science and International Relations from Colorado College. She speaks Bahasa Indonesia and is conversant in French.TopDavid Edelstein, Vice President of Technology Programs, and Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology CenterDavid Edelstein is Director of the Grameen Foundation Technology Center and Vice President of Technology Programs at Grameen Foundation. As the leader of Grameen Foundations work in technology, he guides programs that create innovative and sustainable approaches to employing technology for the benefit of the worlds poor. This includes efforts to develop services that can be accessed on widely gettable mobile phones, in domains such as health and agriculture, to improve lives and livelihoods. It also encompasses efforts in technology for microfinance, including an open-source software initiative designed to acceler ate the growth of microfinance institutions (Mifos) and efforts to enable the poor to transfer funds using mobile phones.Before joining Grameen Foundation, David spent three years at Microsoft, designing busine

Democratic and Republican Party History

egalitarian and re commonan Party HistoryThe Democratic Party came from the Anti-federalists before Americas freedom from Britain rule. The troupe was organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, along with other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792. The Republicans party is the younger of the two parties, founded in 1854 by anti-slavery groundivists and modernizers. The party rose to prominence with the election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president.Over the past years the two major political parties prevail been given colors, to which we can swain them with in the election. Republicans have been given the color red and Democrats the color blue. The Republican (red states) are strongest in the southernmost and West, and weakest in the Northeast and the Pacific Coast. The strongest of the red states are Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska, and in the western states of Wyoming, Utah, and Idaho. The Democrats (blue states) once were strongest in the s outheastern United States but now they are strongest in the Northeast, Great Lakes and along the Pacific Coast. Dominating in atomic number 20 and Hawaii.The Democratic Party and Republican Party dominate America but differ greatly in their philosophies and ideas. Democrats have a philosophy that is Liberal. Founded on the idea of liberty and equality. Generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of religion, free trade, and a right to life, liberty, and property. Republicans believe in a social philosophy, which reflects American Conservatism in the U.S. Political Spectrum. Republicans support a pro-business platform, with the further foundations in stinting libertarianism and a brand of social conservatism increasingly based on the viewpoints of the Religious Right.Both parties differ in their Economic ideas. Democrats favor minimum wage and progressive taxation Higher tax order for higher income people. Republicans believe taxes shouldnt be increased for anyone and that wages should be set by the free market. armed forces is a big topic, Democrats want to decrease spending and Republicans want to increase spending on military. footstall on homophile marriage is another big topic, with Democrats reenforcement and Republicans opposing. Its a never ending battle.Stands on the terminal Penalty differ also. Democrats, while support for the death penalisation is strong among Democrats, opponents of the death penalty are a substantial fraction of the Democratic base. A large majority of Republicans support the Death Penalty. Abortion has been a big topic for decades and they still differ in their beliefs. Democrats believe it should be legal, supporting Roe v. Wade. Republicans believe it should not be legal, opposing Roe v. Wade. This is where Pro-Life and Pro-Choice come from. other belief the two parties disagree on is Social and Human Ideas. Democrats are based on a community and social responsibility and Repu blicans are based on individual rights and justice. Social democratic views improves public service by creating a government system that is able to discover citizens that suffer from unequal circle that make it more difficult to fulfill their ambitions. Once this is discovered, the government provides the service to help these individuals. Social conservatism is a political idea that focuses on traditional values. General principles favor pro-life, opposes euthanasia, embryonic stem carrel research, and abortion. Now not all Republicans and Democrats believe what their party believes. There are plenty of people that go both ways and other that are directly in the middle. That is why we have so some(prenominal) undecided or independent voters in our elections.Influences that third parties have on American politics are that they bring more light to the issues. Third party voters will mostly go with the party that is mechanical press to independent values. Even though third parties dont win elections, a lot of people vote for them. taking votes international from the other parties, which has an Impact in the election. John McCain would have won in 2008 if it wasnt for third parties. many another(prenominal) laws were first introduced and then raised by third parties. One example would be prohibition, the legal act of prohibiting the manufacturing of alcohol.I identify with the Republican Party, Im conservative. First discharge I do not believe in distribution of wealth. I dont see how you can take money away from people that work ruffianly and give it to the people that wont work, sit around all day, or use drugs. Living off the Government shouldnt be a choice for a career in our Nation. Even if the Government taxed the inscrutable they wouldnt even come close to touching our national debt. Small businesses and the wealthy actually help the delivery a lot, by purchasing goods from local businesses or running a business and giving jobs to the American P eople. I believe the Democrats want to tax the rich more and give back to the poor so they look good and reward the votes, just my two cents.Increase spending on Military, why wouldnt you? We have the strongest military in the world and the Democrats want to decrease spending? It shows weakness, we have to be strong. Now I dont mean we need to be in every coun test in the world and be protect all our allies. We need to keep our military strong because we never know when someone will try to attack us. This has been proven in 2001 with 9/11 and also the attack in Benghazi on 9/11/12. If we let the world know we are decreasing spending on our military they readiness not think twice about attacking.My stand on abortion, first I will let you know I am very religious. So my opinions will come from religious beliefs and also how I feel about abortion. I support abortion in the case of rape or if it is poisonous to the women. If a 12 year old is raped then she should be allowed to have a n abortion because she is overly young and birth could potentially result in death. In the case of just rape the women should go to the hospital and get a rap kit from a doctor. If you do choose to wait months before an abortion then I do not support it in that case.I oppose gay marriage I dont think it should be legal for the same sex to marry. I dont see any positives that could come from it. It wouldnt help our economy it wouldnt help our states or government. I feel the Democrats are for it just to get votes even President Obama came out in an interview and said he supports gay marriage. Thats one of the of import reasons I feel its getting harder for Republicans to get a person in the white house cause the Democrats support almost everything the Republicans dont, abortion, gay marriage, Immigration, Etc.Since the division of the Republican Party in the election of 1912, the Democratic Party has consistently positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party in economic as well as social matters. The two parties, in my mind, will never come to a compromise. They are too faraway apart in their belief, thats why we continue to refer to them as left and right. The third parties will of all time be around, though they may never win. They will continue to propose new laws and take away votes from the two major parties. I identify with the Republican Party because I feel they are right, their beliefs organize with mine.

Education Essays Design and Technology

hold Essays Design and technologyCan we promote to a greater extent pertain in Design Technology by having more relevant put ups.AbstractTo define Design and Technology and what students need to know in nurture is complex, and drawing directly on real world practices may provide educators with confidence and guidance in teaching construct. This should give undecided definitions and descriptions on how radiation pattern works in practice, thus enabling educators to spot which features of these practices tail be translated into the encouragement of programer thinking and behaviour in educational contexts. This paper considers the encouragement of interest required to enhance and motivate a risqueer interest in Design Technology by having more relevant suffers. Where realisation of concepts empowers fantasies, freeing the imaginations from reality into figure. Creating the desired from the perceived. Resulting in keeping the answer sharp.This paper leave behind t reat considerations on the way a scholar perceives and processes information, for construct in scathe of action, reflection and approximation and for technology in respect to solutions to technological problems through the process of invention.Evaluation result be made of slaying in respect to previous investigate highlighting the teaching strategies utilize and the managing of the object. in a higher place all, the under victorious of the project and the design process involved testament set out to be a successful evaluation of teaching / larn experience.Review of LiteratureThe work of Denton (1993) discussed the relevance of the design process in schools and whether it has merely a stylised ritual, more to do with the labor of eat upless sheets of everywhere decorated ar twainrk with elaborate borders than a design tool. He discusses how the ritual of calculative has arisen in education, the origins predating the issue Curriculum, around the era when Craft, Desig n Technology was introduced into the Curriculum. Furthermore, Denton states that it appears to be centred on an incomplete understanding of the process of designing and the functions of modelling and drawing. The formal design process, as holdd in indus estimate certainly does flow from sign ideas, research, questionnaires and so on, and Denton is not be overcritical of the design process as such, instead he points to the frank primary function in design activity being the practical egress rather than a neat visual presentation of the design activity. Commercial designers retain a rough idea of the outcome before they actually start designing and they model a progression of refinements and variations in their ideas. By modelling, Denton brings source to three types that are useful design tools Drawing These range from rapid sketches of the design to externalise design ideas to formal rendered pictorial representations of the finished product, complete engineering drawings and exploded diagrams. Models These range from 3D lash ups to express he principles, give a better idea of proportion and, once a reach out, to externalise design ideas. The other end of the scale is the professional presentation scale model that we are familiar with. CAD These discount as well as range from doodles in ProDesktop (or something similar), which enables the designer to get an idea of scale, right through to professionally produced rendered CAD designs. nigh of these final coloured, rendered, anatomically correct models (and drawings) are used to communicate with clients, who will demand no interest in rough sketches. It is these rough sketches and doodles that are at the heart of the design process and should be of patriarchal importance to teachers as they are better indicators of the childs design thinking. Denton asserts that most schools prefer exquisitely finished and attractively presented work, complete with borders, in contrast with the rudimentary init ial sketches of the design process. This preference is communicated to the pupils, who ancient spend time reworking their initial drawings, wasting time and efficiency in the process, and slowing down the exploration of fresh ideas. a good deal of this folder work is finished to such a standard that it is indicative of it being produced after the artifact has actually been made.In this paper, he proposes that it may be a more useful dodge to hurt away from the current strategy starting at AT1 Investigating Making generating ideas, and instead start by evaluating something in order to make proposals on how it may be made better. I find that this proposal makes perfect sense, after all most designs are a redesign of an earlier design. The first cars were redesigned carriages, and subsequent cars were simply evolutionary changes, besides, one can empathise with pupils that have limited life experiences, trying to design an artefact starting with a virgin sheet of paper.Another proposal that, I think, has merit is changing the ratio of designing to making in favour of making, since it is the making that takes the most time. A disproportionate do of time is spent doing research or more accurately, collating range of mountainss. Entire lessons devoted to cutting pictures out of Argos catalogues have little merit and a minor influence on the final design. Denton suggests that efficiency and effectiveness may also be developed by the use of informal radicalwork in the early stages coupled with the use of pitiable deadlines can also promote motivation and possibly the generation of ideas (Denton, 1992).Kimbell et al explores the results derived from the APU (Assessment of Performance Unit) study of 1991, that described the cap force in Design and Technology in terms of action, reflection and appraisal. He informs, in graphical terms, how boys and girls differ in the results of their coursework. According to the APU, girls consistently outperform boys right across the range of abilities, ie, high achieving girls perform better than high achieving boys and low achieving girls perform better than low achieving boys. While this study is fruitful, it doesnt explain why this should be the case.Lawler (1999) examines this disparity in results between genders by setting a group of pupils in the final year of primary school deuce separate trade union movements, recording the results and making comparisons. This age group were chosen because they had had minimal exposure to the procedural methodology imposed on them by their teachers.The paper hasevolved from research into ways of describing the process of designing. Two possible descriptors to show the effects of introducing project work have been called macroscopical pictures and Small steps. boastful pictures designing is future focussed, inspirational, and results in statements of complete ideas. Concerned with the mental process rather than the procedural, self directed, metacognitive pr ocess of design.Smallsteps designing is reflective, sequential, analytical, and descriptive.Good designing is evidenced as a combination of these cardinal hyphens. Some pupils may have a preference for one approach that, if it conflicts with the way their teacher manages the project work, may restrict their progress. Raising the awareness of the teacher to the effects that the strategy that they impose on the project work has on the pupils, could be an important factor in increased student success. The study compared two different contextualised designing approaches to the presentation and management of project work. It shows the effects that each approach had on the doing of a group of seventy-five 11 year olds, and highlights the different responses of boys and girls to the same design situations. The results indicate that the strategy adopted by the teacher for the sequencing of practical project work had a greater effect on good designer boys, than it did on good designer gir ls and had a greater negative effect on less able girls than it did on less able boys (Lawler, 1999)In a different attempt to colligate pupils thinking styles to performance in Design and Technology, Atkinson (1995) used a test of cognitive Style, shown to be intimately related in ideas and attitudes, to examine the performance of pupils in their GCSE coursework, utilizing a test devised by Riding and Cheema (1991) The Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA). The test was a result of over thirty methods of defining cognitive style being reviewed had it was concluded that most could be grouped within two fundamental independent cognitive style dimensions. These descriptors used in that test were seen along two axes (x, y) each subject being place along the two continua of Wholist to Analyst (x axis) and Verbaliser to Imager (y axis).analyticalVerbaliser ImagerWholistA pupils spatial relation in the Wholist to Analytic dimension reflects whether they understand situations as a whole or see things in parts, while their position in the Verbal to Imagery dimension reflects the manner in which they represent information while thinking, all as words or mental pictures. In psychological terms analysts were defined as being work dependent, being affected by the world around them (in their perceptions) and wholists as being the opposite and field independent.By combining these two concepts, utilise wholist and analyst to examine pupils style of designing, new descriptors for designing styles were proposed.The CSA was produced as a computerised test that automatically calculates and plots a pupils position on both dimensions. The results reflect the way a pupil perceives and processes information. The relative speed in which a pupil answers different styles of questions, reveals their cognitive style (Riding Staley, 1998)methodological analysisWhilst on school billet, I noticed another teacher suggesting ideas to a year-12 pupil. Within minutes, the teacher had fill up a side of A3 with warmfire sketches and doodles. If pupils have a short time to focus their minds on quick sketches, it can be more productive than spending an entire lesson producing coloured drawings.I had an opportunity to try this approach at my last school placement when teaching a score of mixed ability Year 9s. The class were stuck, having spent the previous lesson producing 1 or 2 designs. I suggested that they all exchange papers in their groups of four and improve on the original idea. After 10 minutes, the papers were swapped over again, and again after another 10 minutes. This resulted in each pupil with three additional ideas to work with.From this placement experience, I have decided that the best way to establish what Key Stage 3 pupils gain from the Design Make tasks would be to revisit the two schools in which I taught whilst on teaching practice. The mark of my visits would be as follows To examine the projects that are made by Key Stage 3 pupils and taking on e pillowcase note the following the tools required to make the task, the processes involved, and the list of the pupils own design input. offspring to approval by the head of department, ask pupils to complete my questionnaires. This will be an indication of whether the pupils have enjoyed making the project, what the pupils have learned from making the project and, if the pupil is in Year 9, whether that pupil is considering taking up Design Technology in Key Stage 4. last-placely, I will also ask pupils if they have any suggestions that will improve the project.The purpose of undertaking design is the knowledge of outcomes of various types. Each design project has stages of construction these are the components of the final object, in which each stage contains action, reflection and appraisal. As an example to build a car, there are stages of construction for the engine, transmission, wheels, bodywork, doors, windows, and interior etc. Each of these components has an initial concept, in which action, reflection and appraisal takes place for choice, material and size before it is offered into the final construction of the car, where once again action, reflection and appraisal will take place. Then once all the components are fitted and the car is complete, thus reflection and appraisal takes place. Final changes are made and appraisal takes place. The car is completed.The degree of action, reflection and appraisal that each pupil with undertake is governed by the leadership of their long-term teacher, the teachers experience of design in public and knowledge of design in the real world, and most importantly their confidence and competence within their specialism.This performance of the teacher and their use of rapid sketches, pictorial presentations and engineering assembly drawings all go towards efficient modelling techniques. The final piece may be a scaled version or may further exist on a computer screen, tho regardless its value is in the deve lopment of design ideas and the extent of the pupils thinking.I will visit each school every two weeks to evaluate and discuss pupil progress. The project being set for the Design and Make task for Key Stage 3 will be in the context of control, which allows pupils to appreciate the final significance of their work. My direction will be focused towards the efficiency effectiveness of design, and a good quality product within a short deadline. These factors I will encourage, as they are the foundation towards the promoting of motivation and the generation of ideas (Denton, 1992).My direction of evaluating for the projects research will be concise as possible, giving the pupil the high-level skill opportunity, looking for the right amount of information that allows them to realise the aim.Following mop up of my evaluation, I will give verbal feedback to everyone, with a more detailed written appraisal sent within a sensitive time period. The written estimate is an important factor, for the pupils motivation and long-term progression of development for both designerly thinking and behaviour.My aim will be to make clear links between the knowledge and skills the pupils need and the sequences of learning activities they are being taught. In my preparation before the visits I will have a clear direction for the design problem who is it for, what are their needs, where will it be used, yield of units to be produced etc., and which design solution of particular materials, technologies, or products can be identified and taught (Anning et al, 1996)During each visit I will look for the teaching of technology to be presented in a clear manner that shows a real understanding of technology can be obtained. This understanding will be of the processes of design as well as elements of technological knowledge and all-important(a) technological principles. I will look for pupil seeking solutions to technological problems through the process of invention, showing a deeper, afloat(predicate) understanding of technology by result. Throughout I shall look for encouragement in the use of independent strategies, methods and principles of development, for out of this process of technological development by the pupil can be examined (Hill, 1996).During my visits, through a brief allocated period, by way of this time obliget test I will evaluate their design performance by way of the Big Picture and Small Step descriptors. I will encourage the pupils towards professional designers practices for inspiration, and seek evidence for emphasis the importance and need for the following in professional design discussion at all stages of the design process, to continually refer back to the project aims, to continually evaluate progress, and to use sketching as visual notetaking (Hill, 1996, p.3)Throughout the allocated time for completion of the project, the pupils will be able to access their normal range of information sources made available to them. Therefore I c an gain the pupils comments with regard to their depth of to investigation, discussion and resulting informed decisions on the quality, purpose and function required.On completion of the task I will ask each pupil to complete the questionnaire (see Appendix) from which the responses will be assessed.Above all, the undertaking of the project and the design process involved should be a successful teaching / learning experience for all.Results DiscussionsThe project was to complete the design and construct a compound tester. From the results in table1 it is clear that from the two schools visited, drill A shows that there are more stages involved in designing and making the fuse tester. Pupils from School A also had greater scope for individualising their designs, although many pupils copied each other because of lack of creativity.School ASchool BCircuit theoryCircuit theoryDraw circuit using livewireSpider diagram to identify end exploiterSolder Components into PCBInitial ideas a udition CircuitFinal ideasResearch into hand-held devicesMark out acrylicSpider diagram to identify end userCut out designInitial ideasBend acrylic to shapeFinal ideasStick blur tape on acrylicMake prototype from foamSolder the joinsMake Mould (two halves)Test and EvaluateVacuum form case from MouldsTest EvaluateTable 1My aim to make clear links between the knowledge and skills the pupils needed and the sequences of learning activities was successful. With my preparation before the visits I had a clear direction for the design problemWho is it for General consumerWhat are their needs To test general habitation fusesWhere will it be used In home and officeNumber of units produced 250,000Which design solution-particular materials Plastic, technologies authorized or false indicator, Circuit boardand products Connector(s), BatteryOn each visit, on initially addressing the class I checked with those pupils furthest away that all could hear me, and that my voice was not too quiet. I t hen briefly explained the task, whilst handing out extra information sheets, which I then covered in expand and finished by asking for any questions. I had taken with me large print versions on the task in case there was pupil(s) present with sight difficulties.My teaching of technology was presented in a clear manner, where good listening and learning regarding the processes of design as well as elements of technological knowledge and immanent technological principles took place. It was clear that individual pupils on the whole, sought solutions to the technological problems through the process of invention, where a fuller understanding of technology followed. I encourage the use of independent strategies, methods and principles of development, from which the process of technological development by the pupil could be examined.I successfully informed the pupils towards professional designers practices for inspiration at a reasonable pace, checking that all pupils understood, and e mphasised the need for discussion at all stages of the design process, to make sure to continually refer back to the project aims, to continually evaluate progress, and to always use sketching as visual notetaking. each(prenominal) of which was successful in varying degrees.It was seen that some pupils were stronger in relating to some production concepts than others, and in using a varying degree of photographic memory in their detailed sketches whilst seeking their solutions.Not all designers in the real world are specialists in all fields, therefore it was not expected that a pupil would excel in all areas. And that was reasserted with some pupils being stronger in relating to some design and production concepts than others, a degree of photographic memory being one example where a pupil showed assure in solving a problem with a detailed sketch of a related or unrelated object as the solution.The completed questionnaire results confirmed the finding of Atkinson (1995) that sho wed no significant gender conflict regarding the pupils perceived ability or their delectation of the design process. From the total sample a large number of the pupils believed that they were poor at designing and did not enjoy the task.Boys %Girls %Enjoyed and achievedEnjoyed but could not achievedDid not enjoy but achievedDid not enjoy and could not achieveTotals100% ( )100% ( )Table 2 Pupils perceived enjoyment and capability to achieve good results.As outlined in Atkinson (1995) the skill and teaching strategies used confirm a clear comparison of collaborator (School A) and interventionist mode (School B). The concept of collaborative learning brings to mind the image of a circle of learners, in which the pupils learn with each other by co-constructing knowledge. Collaboration means that mountain labor together to construct something that did not exist before the collaboration. From this it was seen that the input by the teacher their in-person technological capabilities th eir understanding on how each idea could or could not be manufactured by the available resources the time available and the knowledge of the pupils manufacturing capability.Whilst the interventionist mode a faster pace is dictated, not overmuch time was spent on the design, it was draw initial ideas and straight to manufacturing. Very few detailed sketches and their development took place, the project development took place during the manufacturing. Pupils tended to get out of their depth with their technological ability, and showed that here the pupil bemused ownership of their idea to the teacher. At this point even capable pupils would be waiting for further discipline as the next step was beyond their capability, which resulted in the teacher becoming frustrated with the pupils demands.Regardless of which teaching strategy was adopted the findings confirm that of Atkinson (1995, p.40) at the projects start they both followed a similar pattern. The project was explained, then work began on the specifications and analysis of research required. It was observed that girls were at ease working in a reflective, evaluative research and analysis phase, whilst a large number of the boys were intent on looking forward, past this important design period, on to the manufacturing period ahead.In respect to the assessment of Big Pictures and Small stairs the process of control and achievement of the pupil by the teacher. Observed over the duration of the project it proves that the creative thinking and project management of Small Steps in School A was clearly passed on to the pupils, as opposed to the linear model of Big Pictures used in School B, yet on an individual level, pupils being offered a combination of both processes produced Good designing capabilities.From the undertaking of the time constrain test the results confirmed the findings of Lawler (1999) in that a large proportion of the boys achieved better results when the project was introduced through Big Picture designing, and that a large proportion of the girls achieved better results when the project was introduced through Small Step designing.It was interest to see a confirmation of data as found by Lawler (1999, p.136) in that the boys did better with a Big Picture

Beijing 2008 Olympics Opening Ceremony

capital of Red mainland mainland china 2008 Olympics start CeremonyThe Olympic Games are one of the most big international sporting events for most of the world. The 2008 capital of Red China Olympics was especi tot exclusivelyyy one of feature focus and attention. China has long wished to show the world its large(p)ness and, in June 2001, it fin whollyy got that chance. The crack Ceremony as an event was the primary opportunity for China, besides the sporting events themselves, to demonstrate its indicator, riches, and prosperity to the world through opthalmic and chaste spectacle. It would too allow the world to observe and witness how far China has progressed, as a country, to becoming more move over and impulsive to existence a bigger part in the global community. Aspects of the Opening Ceremony may be divided into three main categories the Political, the diachronic and Cultural, and the Ideals and overall Message.The concept of Unity is one of the main historica l policy- reservation ideas, presented throughout the Ceremony which may be first interpreted in the mass-scale exertions. Syncopation was essential during the highly choreographed displays of drummers, martial artists, and doers and dancers in large ecesiss. The point of Unity has always been significant throughout Chinese history, since the unification of China under the first Emperor in 221 BCE. With rise and fall of concomitant dynasties, the prosperity of the land depended on that unity. The idea of Unity in the sensitive era may be more clearly displayed by the 56 children carrying the national flag, dressed in costume, representing the 56 ethnic groups of modern China promoting China as a unified multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, nation. Chinas economic strength is implied by the ability to fund and organize the large-scale use of fireworks, lighting, and man power in order to put on such a striking mega-event. The Opening Ceremony may excessively be considered to be a p romotion of Chinese pride and nationalism. It not lone(prenominal) promotes capital of Red China itself as a city, or as the Capital, but as the center of the great country of China as a tour. This event is not only for China to impress all the foreign visitors, but may also prove to their own citizens, and to Chinese communities world large, how far theyve come. They have the chance to exonerate the best impression possible on the world and to impress all with the speed and scope of Chinas development.The Historical and Cultural aspects played a major part in the Opening Ceremony through the presentation and festivity of ancient Chinese culture. Chinese director Zhang Yimou was the creative mind hindquarters the Ceremony. He is perhaps known to Westerners for his films Hero, House of Flying Daggers, and Curse of the favorable Flower. There is a strong focus on spectacle and aesthetic beauty, and nice tradition and history of China, with the central topic of the quaternity great Chinese inventions the first being fireworks. A brief film was shown during the ceremony, displaying the here and now of the four great inventions of bran-newspaper making. The showing of the conventional ink brush making was shown to segue way into the next performance, as a giant L.E.D. paper scroll was rolled out in the middle of the stadium. At the subject matter lay a canvas upon which dancers in black, with a sleeve dip in ink, left trail marking as they moved on the paper creating a landscape of mountains, a river, and the sun. The look of it was in the air of traditional ink painting. Their dance was accompanied by the music of a Guqin, the ancient Chinese cardinal-stringed zither. It was a blending of brush painting, dance, and music, and the connection of all the fine arts as part of the same philosophical artistic process. In celebration of the Chinese language, of chattel blocks were used in a large formation to present three variations of the contributi on for harmony some other political ideal. The performance pays tribute to the third great invention of the movable type press. Meanwhile, hundreds of costumed Han Dynasty feather-capped scholars, holding bamboo scrolls, render out key excerpts from analects of Confucius. Confucius was one of the most significant ancient philosophers that helped shape Chinese society, who clam up retains importance and influence in East Asia today. Other presentations artistic traditions of Beijing Opera and Puppetry were performed. A grounded map of the Ancient Silk Road was accompanied by Tang Dynasty dancers. The last of the great Chinese inventions, the compass, was held by the central actor in a performance presenting the voyages of Zheng He the Ming Dynasty eunuch who led seven great naval expeditions to explore the world from 1405 to 1433. All these represent Chinas glorious past. The following segment represented present day China, with a performance by pianist Lang Lang surrounded by l uminescent performers who arranged themselves into the come down of Peace. The Doves wings took flight as the performers moved. A young girl, suspended by wire, ran in mid-air while flying a kite. 2,008 of male performers, in white, took formation to display a mass performance of Tai Chi in fluid unison a martial art based on the principles of the Yin and Yang, and harmony with nature. The ink painted landscape returned for a group of schoolchildren to issue their marks by colouring over it, while chanting poem suggesting an environmental and Green Olympics. The in the landscape was filled in with a smiley face. The accompanying light presentation showed bright coloured birds, flying into the slope possibly to further the thoughts of peace, or environmentalism. An astronaut, and a giant glowing thumping representing Earth, came forth to represent modern, and possibly future, space exploration. The ball changed colour and glowed resembling a Chinese lantern, while acrobats tumb led rolled along its surface. Chinese and British singers, Li Huan and Sarah Brightman, stood on top of the ball which reverted back to showing the Earth, and sang the 2008 Olympic theme song You and Me in both Mandarin and English. It was a song of friendship and peace. The 2,008 performers returned, with bearing parasols with images of the smiling children and fireworks in the shape of smiley faces were ignited. The Opening Ceremony was the event for Beijing to welcome the world. They were able to introduce, or distribute more of, Chinese culture and heritage to the world. It also showed a new sense of China, more built on unity, peace, harmony, and openness with the global community. These ideals were make clear throughout the Ceremony as part of the themes for the 2008 Olympics the slogan being One World, One Dream. China opening itself to the world is perceived in the Beijing Olympic Logo a stylized representation of the character of Jing, meaning capital. The character resemb les a dancing figure with arms wide open, and Chinas invitation and welcome to the world. The Red in the emblem is the Chinese colour of smashing luck and fortune. The Mascots for the 2008 Games, called Fuwa, have five members Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. Their designs were inspired by a fish, a giant panda, a flame, a Tibetan antelope, and a swallow from each one also representing one of the five Olympic rings. Put together, their names for a pun on the phrase Beijing huanying ni, meaning, Beijing welcomes you. The Olympic military commission also chose three specific themes to promote for 2008. The first was technological Olympics, as high-tech media broadcasting and promotion was important to a successful Olympics the 2008 Beijing Olympics being the first in history to be broadcasted in high-definition. The second theme was humanistic, and the original ideal that the Olympics is a cultural event for all people. It not only refers back to the contributions by Ancient Greece, but is also gives the Chinese people the opportunity to share their own 5000 years of traditional and modern culture. Harmony of humanity also includes harmony with nature, which leads to the final theme of a green Olympics. China worked hard to tackle this issue in preparation for the 2008 Olympics, to accommodate the arrival of so legion(predicate) foreign spectators and athletes to be able to attend and perform in an agreeable environment. While contamination as one of the main criticisms China faces today, it remains a hassle in many other countries and was a question raised for many previous Olympic cities. The 2008 Games were used to continue to increase global sensory faculty and the promotion of green consumption. The 2008 Beijing Olympics was the means for China to demonstrate its wealth and power to the world. It was through art and creativity, demonstrated by the Opening Ceremony, that China was able to celebrate and share its culture with the rest of the world while also supporting current day ideals of peace, harmony, progress, and environmentalism. It was a promotion of a new image of China as willing and ready to open itself to all, and to be accepted as among the worlds top respectable countries. Bibliographyhttp//en.beijing2008.cn/Gold, John R. And Margaret M. Gold, Olympic Cities City Agendas, Planning and the Worlds Games, 1896-2012. London Routledge, 2007Fan, Hong, Duncan Mackay, and Karen Christensen. China Gold Chinas Quest for international Power and Olympic Glory. Great Barrington Berkshire Publishing Group, 2008.

Indian Cinema And Its Impact On Society Film Studies Essay

Indian motion picture And Its Impact On Society Film Studies EssayIn our social club there are m either practices and traditions which are based on ignorance and which construct withheld the progress of our society. Rigidity of caste arranging, untouchability, dowry system and purdah system deliver done enormous harm to our society. movie theater subscribe tos abide do a lot to eradicate these evils. They can be used for promoting field integration, Prohibition, intercaste marriages, family planning, eradication of illiteracy, etc. Such themes can do the transformation of our society. The movie can be used as an instrument to help mess encounter rid of obscurantism and also to guide them along the right path. It can help in removing ignorance from our society. Not only this, several much compulsory social reforms can be introduced and brought about with the help of the cinema. http//essaysandarticles.com/science/the-cinema%E2%80%94-its-impact-on-society/There are vari able views about the effectuate of cinema. Producers and financiers consider it as a tempting and lucrative business. For actors and actresses, it is a means to earn notes and popularity among masses. The director, story-writer, song-writer and cinematographer take it as an art work. To some, it is an audio-visual translation of belles-lettress and has its own message. As for g overnment, it is a potential source of revenue and employment. For majority of cinema-goers, it is nothing moreover a flashy and interesting form of entertainment and pas judgment of conviction. Whatever whitethorn be the reason, cinema has occupied a major share of foodstuff for its cine lovers.http//www.preservearticles.com/201106127879/essay-on-the-effect-of-cinema-on-our-society.htmlIndian CinemaSince its beginning with the film genus Raja Harish Chandra (1913), the cinema has remained the about federal agencyful media for mass communication in India.Since its beginning with the film Raja Harish C handra (1913), the cinema has remained the most powerful media for mass communication in India. Cinema has the ability to combine entertainment with communication of ideas. It has the potential appeal for its audience. It sure as shooting leaves other media far behind in making such(prenominal) an appeal. As in literature, cinema has produced much which touches the innermost layers of the man. It mirrors the episodes in such a manner that leaves an impact on the coming generations. Cinema presents an image of the society in which it is born and the hopes, aspirations, frustration and contradictions present in any presumptuousness social order.In the present era, cinema is getting re come outd by itty-bitty screen productions. Televised serials and programmes are replacing craze. They advertise and earn revenue for industry. olibanum films telecast has become a source of further income for the industry and trade. gay has instincts, different thoughts flow which leave an effect on the opinions. The person laughs with the films and disunite with them. Scenes of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, a film by Raj Kumar Santoshi and Manoj Goswami makes people national-minded and sentimentally involved in the film try out. The fim dialogues are occupying places in our real life. Dialogues of Mugle Azam found place in the normal interaction of people for a long time. People talked and walked bid Prithvi Raj, the b course king Akbar. In the same way, plays by Agha Hashat and Devdas by Sharat Chandra unexpended a deep impact on the masses. In the same way, film Sholey make believed an imending effect on so umteen.http//www.preservearticles.com/201106127879/essay-on-the-effect-of-cinema-on-our-society.htmlExample of Bengali Cinema and how it portrays naive realism and Modernity are two words closely associated with Bengali cinema. almost of the broadest and among the most popular filmmakers of Bengal took realist genre of films to a raw(a) height, on base reflecting mod ernist ideas. Realism and modernism go hand-in-hand in Bengali films, especially in the work of greats want Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak.Although defining modernity would mean at least a few more pages, for the sake of this essay, we would deduct it mess to unblemishedly social, political and artistic modernization. Satyajit Rays magnum opus Pather Pancheli is one of the greatest examples of realist films enactment assorted elements of modernity. Inspired by Italian neo-realism (especially Vittorio De Siccas Bicycle Thief, 1948), Ray created his basic film and a masterpiece reflecting the evolution and social change in Bengal and a modernization of ideas and concepts.In Pather Panchali, Ray talks about sledding old ideas behind and locomote on. He talks about how over time, old ways of living, transmittable ideas and traditional lifestyle has become stale and admits to be changed. Apu, with his family, leaves his home and village at the end because the ancestral house h eld them behind. They travel to find a better way of living. They moved to get rid of the old house which couldnt help them in any way, solely instead took their daughters life.This whole film is a transition from pre-modern to a modern way of living. Ray distributes several fables throughout the film metaphors of modernity and need for change. One important character which served as a metaphor for me was that of the old aunty. Shes old, tired and just wanders around the house doing nothing. Shes often told to go indicating shes not wanted in the house. The family is fed up of her just as theyre fed up of traditions and the same lifestyle theyd been living in the awe of famine, poverty and survival. The old aunt wanders, trying to find a place for herself, and when she doesnt, she dies. Ray shows death of old ideas. Ray wants change. He shows a need for change and a break forward from traditions which are holding you back. He wants to show theres eternally a need for change. T he old aunt is a mere metaphor for him to show how traditions ready become stale.Charulata (1964), another one of the great films by Ray, also talks about change. But here, he sets it in an upper middle class Bengali society where a lonesome housewife falls in love with her brother-in-law while they both encourage each other to write. He puts two different ideas of home and desire, literature and politics, pre-modernism and modernity face-to-face.Rays films defecate a humanistic touch. He uses his foxiness to get to the deepest part of human heart and extract out the emotions from there. Scenes like Apu throwing away the necklace Durga had stolen, Amal leaving home to avoid being unfaithful, Durga stealing food for her aunt add to the humanistic approach of Satyajit Rays work.Neo-realism is another thing that inspired Ray. consort to me, its mainly because his stories were about society. He couldnt have made them in a fictional style because then they wouldnt be germane(predi cate) to the society. His stories were not meant to be mere films, but a reality somewhere in time which needed to be imitated in Bengali society and which was a face of the same society he lived in. His characters were sketches of real people. They were close to real. For example, when you intend Durga, you dont think of her as a two-dimensional frank or evil character, but as a girl who existed and had different attributes to her personality just like everybody else. She wasnt a puppet.Similarly, Ritwik Ghataks films introduced different modern themes to the evolving society of Bengal such as alienation, isolation, need for home.In one of his most personal and also socially relevant films Ajantrik, Ghatak introduces the concept of alienation and isolation from the society. He shows a mans attachment to his car, an non-living object and a troubled social life where he lean connect well to the people around him. Scenes like where the character Bimal is talk of the town to his c ar, the car responding to him, him taking care of the car like a buster and not caring about what his society says, show how important a character Jagaddal (the car) is. Ghatak doesnt treat the car as a prop, but as a character itself. He tries to show the cars point of view he wants to make us feel its presence thus implying the fact how dealings have also evolved along with modernization of ideas and society how people have become more involved with their property rather than fellow human beings.Similarly, in Subarnarekha (1965), Ghatak reflects on the feeling of home (along with many other sub-themes such as happiness, relations). His work has been about change, modernity and its effects and mainly, how partition has bear on society and Ghatak himself.In Subarnarekha, he tells a story of a family moving to the bank of Subarnarekha River after the partition and how the girl Sita seeks happiness throughout the film. Moreover, he tells of her feeling at the new home. The river be comes the new home for her who she confides in her secrets, woes and happiness.From what I sight in Ghataks films, he believes that society has changed from being a conjunction to more of a collective living of different individuals. I observed individualism in his work, and how people have turned from their fellows to nature or man-made beauty whether it is mountains and rivers to cars and property.I think there are many modernist elements found in both Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghataks films ranging from their content and themes (home, anthropomorphism, modernity itself) to their craft (use of POV shots, different style of cinematography, manipulating space and even the use of Brechtian elements).ConclusionIt is always tidy and well groomed to see good subjects on cinema. They have a very positive and long-lasting effect on the minds whereas cheap and shabby movies affect the tender minds of audience very badly. There is frequent feeling that present day crimes are all due to ef fects of cinema. Besides open and demonstrative subjects throw tarnished messages. They spoil our culture, and society. Cinema and TV badly affect the health of the youngsters. They neglect studies and physical games to spend more time on this entertainment. School-going children and society children fail to make use of good impacts and are influenced by the bad part of the programmes on the air.The motive is not to discard cinema or TV telecast so easily. The sexually attractive act will be to selective and choosy for programmes. Good movies should be seen by the students. The movies of TV shows should be very much restricted and for a fix time.The cinema exercises a great influence on the mind of the people. It has a great educative value. It can achieve splendid results in the field of expansion of education. There are certain subjects, such as science and geography, which can be more effectively taught with the help of talkies. Lessons on road sense, rules of hygiene and civic sense can be taught to the students and the public as well in a very effective manner with the help of cinema pictures. Many successful experiments have been made in various countries on the utility of films as a means of education. Feature films have been produced for school and college students and students are being benefitted by them.Cinema films have the power to influence the thinking of the people. They have changed the society and social trends. They have introduced new fashions in society. They may be described as pace-setters. They can create a direct impact on our social life. Films can go a long way towards arousing national consciousness and also in utilising the energies of the youth in social reconstruction and nation-building by a skilful adaption of good moral, social and educative themes, and by introduction of popular sentiments, films can, to a great extent, formulate and guide public opinion