Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Essay Example for Free

ammonium hydroxide Treatment in Textile touch on EssayAmmonia Treatment in Textile Processing BY Mrzatnqazt Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Before Studding Ammonia Treatment we have to know about the Pretreatments in textile processing. Why we do Pre-Treatments? Pretreatment is the heart of processing of textile. Grey cloth subsequently weaving is quite ugly and contains numerous natural as well as added impurities which hinder the successful carrying out of subsequent cadence like dyeing, printing and finishing.What ar Pre-Treatments? In Pretreatment, all these impurities are remove and framework is brought to a point here it is more absorbent and white and can be easily processed further. In otherwise words Pretreatment process could be defined as procedures concerning about the removal of natural and added impurities in the fabric to an optimum level that can provide good whiteness and absorbency by utilizing minimum quantify, energy and chemicals as well as pissing.Major steps involved in textile pretreatment are De-sizing, Scouring, Bleaching and Mercerization or Ammonia Treatment In every(prenominal) step, different chemicals are involved which are ? Wetting Scoring Agents, ? Sequestering Agents, ? Mercerizing Agents or Liquid Ammonia, nd ? Hydrogen Peroxide Stabilizers Pretreatment is important 70% of problems during dyeing and finishing are caused by pretreatment. Now What is Mercerization? Mercerization is a method for processing cellulose fibers by alkalis.This processing makes the inside of the fibers swell to exploit natural fiber properties beyond their original feel or physical properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3) are used as the alkaline chemicals for mercerization. Ammonia Mercerizing of cellulose fibers History The use of ammonia in mercerization has been known since the thirties and was eveloped commercially for fabric processing around 1970 in what was originally known as the Tedesco process, which was subsequently acquired by the Sanforized company and made well-known as the Sanfor-Set process.The fashion appeal of so-called flat-finish jean resulting from Japanese ammonia-finished denim that many companies substituted venomous-mercerized fabrics, often presenting them as ammonia finished. Working By combining ammonia mercerization and Sanforizing in a single step shrinkage halt is greatly improved in denim. In contrast to astringent mercerization, the fabric is ofter, semi-permanent press properties result and in the case of twill fabrics, in that location is less(prenominal)(prenominal) seam-puckering in garments, less leg- twist and edge-fraying.Unlike biting mercerization, the fabric is not degraded, avoiding a harsh hand even after multiple washings. The resistances to abrasion tear and tensile is largely improved. The original process consisted of passing the fabric though a bath of liquid ammonia with 100% pickup for approximately 10 seconds. The ammonia was o utback(a) with dry heat applied by passing over blanketed, steam heated dry cans which removed about 90% f the ammonia which was then recovered by a recovery jell consisting of large, pressurized towers and made available for recycling.The rest of the ammonia, which chemically bonded to the cellulose, was removed by light steaming. Effects Defects The difference in effect as opposed to caustic mercerization is because with ammonia, there is less fiber-swelling, therefore the fibers are more pliable, which Additionally, dissimilar standard wet-finishing of denim, the ammonia penetrates wholly into yarns and fibers, resulting in complete wetting, which is necessary for lasticizing the cotton for consistent shrinkage and elongation.In garments that are fabricated from ammonia tough-fabrics, the garment life is longer after long periods of wear and repeat washings, improving sustainability. Penetration The more smaller molecular size of ammonia allows it to penetrate completely into every fiber of the fabric, unlike caustic which causes such rapid fiber- swelling that the caustic is blocked at the bob up of yarns, preventing further penetration. The surface tension of ammonia at 26 dynes/cm is a third that of caustic (NaOH). The ower surface tension overcomes the enormous resistance of air trapped in the fabric which is a distinctive of heavy cotton fabrics.Additionally, at normal mercerization concentrations of caustic (23%/30 Baume), sodium hydroxide forms a hepta-hydrate with water (NaOH7H20), which results in a slow-moving, bulky group. Permanent- press effects The permanent-press effects are achieved without the use of cross-linking resins, however, the commonly-used resins are soluble in ammonia and a combination resin finish and mercerizing, plus Sanforizing can be achieved if a soluble catalyst is mployed. Additionally, ammonia acts as a formaldehyde-scavenger and resin- treated fabrics that are ammonia treated will produce no free-formaldehyde.S hrinkage As a rule, fabric shrinkage depends on the time of exposure to the ammonia, with 80% of the shrinkage occurring in the initial 6 seconds. Very close control of concluding shrinkage is achieved by fabric tension in the ammonia application in combination with compressive shrinkage. By 1974, the primary application of ammonia mercerization was for treatment of heavy-weight cotton fabrics such as denim and orduroy, which are unvoiced to properly mercerize with traditional caustic treatments. The ammonia process was intended as a substitution for received mercerizing for both fabrics and in mercerizing sewing threads (Petrograd process).Ammonia Recovery The original ammonia recovery methods required a large capital investment which limited acceptance in the textile industry, however, a more recent design has adopted patented seals that totally isolates the dry and steam process sections in order to avoid ammonia from coming into contact with water and air subsequently limina ting the need for an overpriced distillation and recovery operation. Furthermore the seals also isolate the machine from the outside environment so that there are absolutely no ammonia odors in the room where the equipment is operating.This unit also does not rent a felt calendar, which can also transfer allowing denim to be processed on the alike machine without contamination of non- denim fabrics as well as reducing the problem of back speckle with denim that occurs in caustic mercerization, since no water is required for washing.. All the imited residues of non-recyclable ammonia are completely neutralized and can be safely sent to the water treatment plant, so together with the significant reduction in water usage, this newer ammonia process can actually be considered environmentally friendlier than conventional caustic mercerization.Dry-crease recovery Ammonia- mercerization provides a higher dry-crease recovery and higher shrinkage consistency than caustic mercerization, curiously with the dry-steam method of recovery. However, caustic mercerization still has an advantage with regard to luster nd improved depth of colourise in dyeing, although the uniformity of dyeing after mercerization is significantly improved with ammonia. Ammonia treatment results in a more rounded cotton fiber, which scatters light more, in turn resulting in a luster that is less bright.An additional advantage of ammonia mercerization is the absence of alkaline oxy-cellulose that results with caustic treatments, which is evidenced by strength-losses and dyeing variation. The cut down pH of ammonia allows safe treatment of more sensitive fibers like linen (flax) or silk. With caustic treatments of fabrics like enim, the elimination of washing required in caustic mercerization avoids the problems with removing caustic. Mercerizes are not normally furnish with drum washers for removal of caustic from heavy cotton fabrics and contamination remains on the fabric at the time of d rying which results in damage to cotton.The use of acetic acid to neutralize creates a problem with the make-up of sodium acetate, which produces a very harsh feel. The ammonia process on denims also produces a much flatter, richer appearance and improves the performance on stretch denim improving fit. Tension control Tension control is important in both ammonia and caustic mercerization for improved fabric tenacity and elongation. Moisture determine is improved in both if tension is applied prior to fiber swelling.